Precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4 sulfatase, methods of treatment using said enzyme and methods for producing and purifying said enzyme

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a highly purified recombinant, human precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase and biologically active mutants, fragments and analogs thereof as well as pharmaceutical formulations comprising highly purified recombinant human precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. The invention also provides methods for treating diseases caused all or in part by deficiencies in human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase including MPS VI and methods for producing and purifying the recombinant precursor enzyme to a highly purified form.

This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/290,908 filed Nov. 7, 2002 and a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/658,699 [Attorney Docket No. 30610/30013A] filed Sep. 9, 2003, which in turn is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 09/562,427 filed May 1, 2000, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of clinical medicine, biochemistry and molecular biology. The present invention features therapeutics and methods for treating mucopolysaccharidosis VI as well as production and purification procedures for producing such therapeutics.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

MPS VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome) is a lysosomal storage disease in which the affected patients lack the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB). The enzyme metabolizes the sulfate moiety of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) dermatan sulfate (Neufeld, et al., “The mucopolysaccharidoses” The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, eds. Scriver et al., New York:McGraw-Hill, 1989, p. 1565-1587). In the absence of the enzyme, the stepwise degradation of dermatan sulfate is blocked and the substrate accumulates intracellularly in the lysosome in a wide range of tissues. The accumulation causes a progressive disorder with multiple organ and tissue involvement in which the infant appears normal at birth, but usually dies before puberty. The diagnosis of MPS VI is usually made at 6-24 months of age when children show progressive deceleration of growth, enlarged liver and spleen, skeletal deformities, coarse facial features, upper airway obstruction, and joint. deformities. Progressive clouding of the cornea, communicating hydrocephalus, or heart disease may develop in MPS VI children. Death usually results from respiratory infection or cardiac disease. Distinct from MPS I, MPS VI is not typically associated with progressive impairment of mental status, although physical limitations may impact learning and development. Although most MPS VI patients have the severe form of the disease that is usually fatal by the teenage years, affected patients with a less severe form of the disease have been described which may survive for decades.

Several publications provide estimates of MPS VI incidence. A 1990 British Columbia survey of all births between 1952 and 1986 published by Lowry et al (Lowry, et al., Human Genet 85:389-390 (1990)) estimates an incidence of just 1:1,300,000. An Australian survey (Meikle et al., JAMA 281(3):249-54) of births between 1980-1996 found 18 patients for an incidence of 1:248,000. A survey in Northern Ireland (Nelson, et al., Hum. Genet. 101:355-358 (1997)) estimated an incidence of 1:840,000. Finally, a survey from The Netherlands from 1970-1996 calculated a birth prevalence of 0.24 per 100,000 (Poorthuis, et al., Hum. Genet. 105:151-156 (1999)). Based on these surveys, it is estimated that there are between 50 and 300 patients in the U.S. who are diagnosed with all forms of this syndrome.

There is no satisfactory treatment for MPS VI although a few patients have benefited from bone marrow transplantation (BMT) (Krivit, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 311(25):1606-11 (1984); Krivit, et al., Int. Pediat. 7:47-52 (1992)). BMT is not universally available for lack of a suitable donor and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation reported transplant-related mortality of 10% (HLA identical) to 20-25% (HLA mismatched) for 63 transplantation cases of lysosomal disorders (Hoogerbrugge, et al., Lancet 345: 1398-1402 (1995)). Other than BMT, most patients receive symptomatic treatment for specific problems as their only form of care. It is an object of the present invention to provide enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB). No attempts to treat humans with rhASB have been made. Likewise, no acceptable clinical dosages or medical formulations have been provided. Several enzyme replacement trials in the feline MPS VI model have been conducted.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention encompasses the production, purification, and the use of a composition comprising a highly purified N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase in the precursor form. The DNA and encoded amino acid sequence of the precursor form is set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2, respectively. The signal sequence is predicted to be amino acids 1-38 of SEQ ID NO: 2, and recombinant production has resulted in product commencing at either amino acid residue 39 or 40 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In a first aspect, the present invention features novel methods of treating diseases caused all or in part by a deficiency in N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB). A method comprises administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need of such treatment. In the preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises highly purified N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase in the precursor form, or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. The subject suffers from a disease caused all or in part by a deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. In other embodiments, this method features transferring a nucleic acid encoding all or a part of an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active mutant or analog thereof into one or more host cells in vivo. Preferred embodiments include optimizing the dosage to the needs of the organism to be treated, preferably mammals or humans, to effectively ameliorate the disease symptoms. In preferred embodiments the disease is mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS V1) or Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome.

This first aspect of the invention specifically provides methods of treating humans suffering from diseases caused all or in part by a deficiency in ASB activity by administering a therapeutically effective amount of human ASB, preferably recombinant human ASB. Thus, the invention contemplates use of human ASB in preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a deficiency in ASB activity, as well as a pharmaceutical composition containing human ASB for use in treating a deficiency in ASB activity. The deficiency in ASB activity can be observed, e.g., as activity levels of 50% or less, 25% or less, or 10% or less compared to normal levels of ASB activity and can manifest as a mucopolysaccharidosis, for example mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) or Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. The therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to provide a beneficial effect in the human patient and preferably provides improvements in any one of the following: joint mobility, pain, or stiffness, either subjectively or objectively; exercise tolerance or endurance, for example, as measured by walking or climbing ability; pulmonary function, for example, as measured by FVC, FEV₁ or FET; visual acuity; or activities of daily living, for example, as measured by ability to stand up from sitting, pull clothes on or off, or pick up small objects. The human ASB is preferably administered as a highly purified recombinant preparation as described herein. Preferred preparations contain rhASB with a purity greater than 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.2%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9%, as measured by reverse-phase HPLC. Preferred preparations also contain the precursor form of ASB at high purity, so that processed forms of ASB are not detected on Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE. Most preferably the purity of the precursor form of ASB is greater than 95%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.2%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9%, as measured by size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-HPLC. The human ASB is also preferably formulated with a surfactant or non-ionic detergent as described herein, optionally excluding a formulation with polyoxyethylene sorbitan 20 or 80 at 0.001%.

Administration of rhASB at doses below 1 mg/kg per week, e.g. at 0.2 mg/kg per week, has been found to have a beneficial effect. The invention contemplates doses of at least 0.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.75 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, or 1.5 mg/kg per week, and may range up to 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg or higher per week. The preferred dose is 1 mg/kg/week. Such doses are preferably delivered once weekly but optionally may be divided in equal amounts over more frequent time periods such as biweekly or daily. A variety of parenteral or nonparenteral routes of administration, including oral, transdermal, transmucosal, intrapulmonary (including aerosolized), intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous that deliver equivalent dosages are contemplated. Administration by bolus injection or infusion directly into the joints or CSF is also specifically contemplated, such as intrathecal, intracerebral, intraventricular, via lumbar puncture, or via the cistema magna. A variety of means are known in the art for achieving such intrathecal administration, including pumps, reservoirs, shunts or implants. Preferably the doses are delivered via intravenous infusions lasting 1, 2 or 4 hours, most preferably 4 hours, but may also be delivered by an intravenous bolus.

Other means of increasing ASB activity in the human subjects are also contemplated, including gene therapy that causes the patient to transiently or permanently increase expression of exogenous or endogenous ASB. Transfer of an exogenous hASB gene or a promoter that increases expression of the endogenous hASB gene is possible through a variety of means known in the art, including viral vectors, homologous recombination, or direct DNA injection.

In a second aspect, the present invention features novel pharmaceutical compositions comprising an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof useful for treating a disease caused all or in part by a deficiency in N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB). In the preferred embodiment, the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. Such compositions may be suitable for administration in a number of ways such as parenteral, topical, intranasal, inhalation or oral administration. Within the scope of this aspect are embodiments featuring nucleic acid sequences encoding all or a part of an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) which may be administered in vivo into cells affected with an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) deficiency.

In a third aspect, the present invention features a method to produce an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof in amounts which enable using the enzyme therapeutically. In a broad embodiment, the method comprises the step of transfecting a cDNA encoding for all or a part of a N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active mutant or analog thereof into a cell suitable for the expression thereof. In the preferred embodiment, the cells are grown in a constant or continuous culture or in perfusion. In another embodiment, the cells are grown in a medium that lacks G418; In some embodiments, a cDNA encoding for a complete N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) is used, preferably a human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB). However, in other embodiments, a cDNA encoding for a biologically active fragment or mutant thereof may be used. Specifically, one or more amino acid substitutions may be made while preserving or enhancing the biological activity of the enzyme. In other preferred embodiments, an expression vector is used to transfer the cDNA into a suitable cell or cell line for expression thereof. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the cDNA is transfected into a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell, such as the CHO-K1 cell line. In yet other preferred embodiments, the production procedure comprises the following steps: (a) growing cells transfected with a DNA encoding all or a biologically active fragment or mutant of a human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase in a suitable growth medium to an appropriate density, (b) introducing the transfected cells into a bioreactor, (c) supplying a suitable growth medium to the bioreactor, and (d) separating the transfected cells from the media containing the enzyme.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a transfected cell line which features the ability to produce N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) in amounts which enable using the enzyme therapeutically. In a preferred embodiment, the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. In preferred embodiments, the present invention features a recombinant CHO cell line such as the CHO K1 cell line that stably and reliably produces amounts of an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof which enable using the enzyme therapeutically. Especially preferred is the transgenic CHO-K1 cell line designated CSL4S-342. In some preferred embodiments, the transgenic cell line contains one or more copies of an expression construct. Preferably, the transgenic cell line contains about 10 or more copies of the expression construct. In even more preferred embodiments, the cell line expresses the recombinant N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof in amounts of at least about 20-40 micrograms per 10⁷ cells per day.

In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides novel vectors suitable to produce N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof in amounts which enable using the enzyme therapeutically.

In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides novel N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof produced in accordance with the methods of the present invention and thereby present in amounts which enable using the enzyme therapeutically. The specific activity of the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) according to the present invention is preferably in the range of 20-90 units, and more preferably greater than about 50 units per mg protein. In the preferred embodiment, the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is highly purified precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase.

In a seventh aspect, the present invention features a novel method to purify N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof. According to a first embodiment, a transfected cell mass is grown and removed leaving recombinant enzyme. Exogenous materials should normally be separated from the crude bulk to prevent fouling of the columns. Preferably, the growth medium containing the recombinant enzyme is passed through an ultrafiltration step. In another preferred embodiment, the method to purify the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase comprises: (a) obtaining a fluid containing precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase; (b) reducing the proteolytic activity of a protease in said fluid able to cleave the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, wherein said reducing does not harm said precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase; (c) contacting the fluid with a Cibracon blue dye interaction chromatography resin; (d) contacting the fluid with a copper chelation chromatography resin; (e) contacting the fluid with a phenyl hydrophobic interaction chromatography resin; (f) recovering said precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. Preferably, steps (c), (d) and (e) can be performed sequentially. Those skilled in the art readily appreciate that one or more of the chromatography steps may be omitted or substituted, or that the order of the chromatography steps may be changed within the scope of the present invention. In other preferred embodiments, the eluent from the final chromatography column is ultrafiltered/diafiltered, and an appropriate step is performed to remove any remaining viruses. Finally, appropriate sterilizing steps may be performed as desired.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 provides a flow diagram of the method for producing a human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 provides a flow diagram of the method for purifying a human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) according to the batch process method (Table 14).

FIG. 3 provides the flow diagram of the method for purifying a human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) according to the perfusion process method (Tables 14 and 15).

FIGS. 4A-4C depicts results obtained for the chromatograms of the Blue Sepharose Column (FIG. 4A), Copper Chelating Sepharose Column (FIG. 4B) and Phenyl Sepharose Column (FIG. 4C).

FIG. 5 depicts a 4-20% polyacrylamide gradient gel showing the result of a silver-stained SDS-PAGE of the perfusion process purification method (Tables 14 and 15).

FIGS. 6A-6F depicts the results on 4-20% polyacrylamide gradient SDS gels of the following samples: lane 1, NEB broad range prestained molecule weight standards (MW in kDa); lane 2, 5 μg ASB from lot AS60001 (old batch process); lane 3, 5 μg ASB from lot AP60109 UF4 (perfusion process); lane 4, 5 μg ASB from lot AP60109 UF10 (perfusion process); lane 5, 5 μg ASB from lot AP60109 UF15 (perfusion process); lane 6, 5 μg ASB from lot AP60109 AUF18 (perfusion process); lane 7, 5 μg ASB from lot AP60109 AUF22 (perfusion process); lane 8, 5 μg ASB from lot AP60109 AUF25 (perfusion process); and, lane 9, 5 μg ASB from lot AP60109-AUF27 (perfusion process). The gels are stained either with Coomassie R-250 or silver-stained.

FIG. 7A depicts the results on silver-stained 4-20% polyacrylamide gradient SDS gels. FIG. 7B depicts the results on Coomassie stained 4-20% polyacrylamide gradient SDS gels. Lane 1, lot AP60202 UF4; lane 2, lot AP60202 UF10; lane 3, lot AP60202 UF18; lane 4, lot AP60202 (BMK); lane 5, lot 102PD0139x B3; lane 6, lot 102PD0139x B5; lane 7, perfusion reference standard rhASB-202-002; lane 8, lot 102PD0139 P1; lane 9, lot 102PD0139 P2; and, lane 10, Mark 12 standard (MW in kDa).

FIGS. 8A-8C depicts profiles obtained for the Blue Sepharose Column (FIG. 8A), Copper Chelating Sepharose Column (FIG. 8B) and Phenyl Sepharose Column (FIG. 8C). In FIG. 8B, cathepsin activity is indicated by the red line.

FIG. 9A depicts the results of a silver-stained 4-20% polyacrylamide gradient SDS. gels. FIG. 9B depicts the results of the proteins transferred from the gel of FIG. 9A transferred onto nitrocellulose and probed by anti-rhASB antibodies. FIG. 9C depicts the results of the proteins transferred from the gel of FIG. 9A transferred onto nitrocellulose and probed by anti-cathepsin antibodies. BioLabPreStain indicates molecular weight standards (MW in kDa).

FIG. 10 shows serum anti-ASB antibody levels over 96 weeks of treatment with rhASB in a Phase 1/2 clinical study in humans.

FIG. 11 shows the reduction in total urinary GAG levels over 96 weeks of treatment with rhASB in a Phase 1/2 clinical study in humans.

FIG. 12 shows a comparison of urinary GAG levels at week 96 in humans treated with rhASB to age-appropriate normal levels.

FIG. 13 shows the improvement in results of the 6-minute walk test over 96 weeks of treatment with rhASB in a Phase 1/2 clinical study in humans.

FIG. 14 shows serum anti-ASB antibody levels over 48 weeks of treatment in a Phase 2 clinical study in humans.

FIG. 15 shows the reduction in total urinary GAG levels over 48 weeks of treatment in a Phase 2 clinical study in humans.

FIG. 16 shows a comparison of levels at week 48 in humans treated with rhASB to age-appropriate normal levels.

FIG. 17 shows the improvement in the 12-minute walk test results over 48 weeks of treatment in a Phase 2 clinical study in humans.

FIG. 18 shows the improvement in the 3-minute stair climb results over 48 weeks of treatment in a Phase 2 clinical study in humans.

FIG. 19 shows results of the Expanded Timed Get Up and Go Test over 48 weeks of treatment in a Phase 2 clinical study in humans.

FIGS. 20 and 21, respectively, show results of joint pain and joint stiffness questionnaires over 48 weeks of treatment in a Phase 2 clinical study in humans.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention encompasses the production, purification, and the use of a composition comprising a highly purified N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase in the precursor form. The purity of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase in the precursor form is at least equal to or greater than 95, 96, 97 or 98% by total protein as determined by the reverse-phase HPLC method. Preferably, the purity is at least equal to or greater than 99%. More preferably, the purity is at least equal to or greater than 99.1, 99.2, 99.3 or 99.4%. Even more preferably, the purity is at least equal to, or greater than 99.5, 99.6, 99.7 or 99.8%. Even much more preferably, the purity is at least equal to or greater than 99.9%. The purity of precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is measured using the reverse-phase HPLC method (see Example 9). The purity of precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is that whereby the composition essential free of any contaminating cell proteins or degraded or mature or processed N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase that is detectable by the reverse-phase HPLC method. All percent purity is based on total protein as determined by the reverse-phase HPLC method. The consistently repeatable high purity obtainable using the purification process disclosed herein makes it possible to treat these patients that require long-term, chronic treatment with high purity rhASB preparations administered at every treatment, e.g., weekly. Thus, the invention contemplates administering precursor rhASB of such high purity over a long period of time, e.g. 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 48 weeks, 96 weeks or more.

In a first aspect, the present invention features novel methods of treating diseases caused all or in part by a deficiency in N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB). In one embodiment, this method features administering a recombinant N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. In other embodiments, this method features transferring a nucleic acid encoding, all or a part of an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active mutant thereof into one or more host cells in vivo. Preferred embodiments include optimizing the dosage to the needs of the organism to be treated, preferably mammals or humans, to effectively ameliorate the disease symptoms. In preferred embodiments the disease is mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS V1), Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome.

The purity of precursor N-acetylgalactosarine-4-sulfatase is that whereby the composition is essentially free of any contaminating cell proteins which can cause an immunological or allergic reaction by the subject who is administered precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. A composition is essentially free of such contaminating host cell proteins if the composition, when administered to a subject, does not cause any immunological or allergic reaction. The high purity of the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is important for avoiding an immunological or allergic reaction by the subject to the impurities present in the pharmaceutical composition. This is especially-true of proteins of the cells from which the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is purified. When recombinant precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is expressed and purified from Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, the Chinese Hamster Ovary proteins can cause immunological or allergic reactions (e.g. hives) in the subject. The only means to avoid this type of reaction is to ensure that the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is sufficiently pure so that the contaminating Chinese Hamster Ovary proteins are not of sufficient amount to cause such reaction(s). The purity of the pharmaceutical composition is especially important as subjects include patients suffering from MPS VI and are thus already immunologically compromised.

Also preferably the purity of the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) is such that the composition has only trace amounts of processed or degraded forms. Proteases present in the host cells cleave the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase into lower molecular weight forms. While some of these forms may also be enzymatically active, the precursor form is preferable for cellular uptake and lysosomal targeting and thus a higher amount of non-processed precursor ASB in the final preparation is desirable. Moreover, degraded forms of ASB in the drug product may also engender higher incidence or amounts of antibodies to ASB itself, which is highly undesirable in cases such as this where long-term therapy of patients is required. The perfusion purification process described herein results in a highly pure preparation that is essentially free of contaminating host cell proteins or processed/aggregated forms of ASB as assayed by the combination of SDS-PAGE, RPHPLC and SEC-HPLC. When administered to humans, the product produced by this process appears to have a longer half-life.

The indication for recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB) is for the treatment of MPS VI, also known as Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome. According to preferred embodiments, an initial dose of 1 mg/kg (˜50 U/kg) is provided to patients suffering from a deficiency in N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. Preferably, the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is administered weekly by injection. According to other preferred embodiments, patients who do not demonstrate a reduction in urinary glycosaminoglycan excretions of at least fifty percent are changed to a dosage of 2 mg/kg (˜100 U/kg) within about three months of initial dosage. Preferably, the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof is administered intravenously over approximately a four-hour period once weekly preferably for as long as significant clinical symptoms of disease persist. Also, preferably, the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB) is administered by an intravenous catheter placed in the cephalic or other appropriate vein with an infusion of saline begun at about 30 cc/hr. Further, preferably the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB) is diluted into about 250 cc of normal saline.

In a second aspect, the present invention features novel pharmaceutical compositions comprising human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof useful for treating a deficiency in N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. The recombinant enzyme may be administered in a number of ways in addition to the preferred embodiments described above, such as parenteral, topical, intranasal, inhalation or oral administration. Another aspect of the invention is to provide for the administration of the enzyme by formulating it with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier which may be solid, semi-solid or liquid or an ingestable capsule. Examples of pharmaceutical compositions include tablets, drops such as nasal drops, compositions for topical application such as ointments, jellies, creams and suspensions, aerosols for inhalation, nasal spray, liposomes. Usually the recombinant enzyme comprises between 0.05 and 99% or between 0.5 and 99% by weight of the composition, for example between 0.5 and 20% for compositions intended for injection and between 0.1 and 50% for compositions intended for oral administration.

To produce pharmaceutical compositions in this form of dosage units for oral application containing a therapeutic enzyme, the enzyme may be mixed with a solid, pulverulent carrier, for example lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, mannitol, a starch such as potato starch, corn starch, amylopectin, laminaria powder or citrus pulp powder, a cellulose derivative or gelatine and also may include lubricants such as magnesium or calcium stearate or a Carbowax or other polyethylene glycol waxes and compressed to form tablets or cores for dragees. If dragees are required, the cores may be coated for example with concentrated sugar solutions which may contain gum arabic, talc and/or titanium dioxide, or alternatively with a film forming agent dissolved in easily volatile organic solvents or mixtures of organic solvents. Dyestuffs can be added to these coatings, for example, to distinguish between different contents of active substance. For the composition of soft gelatine capsules consisting of gelatine and, for example, glycerol as a plasticizer, or similar closed capsules, the active substance may be admixed with a Carbowax or a suitable oil as e.g., sesame oil, olive oil, or arachis oil. Hard gelatine capsules may contain granulates of the active substance with solid, pulverulent carriers such as lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches such as potato starch, corn starch or amylopectin, cellulose derivatives or gelatine, and may also include magnesium stearate or stearic acid as lubricants.

Therapeutic enzymes of the present invention may also be administered parenterally such as by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection either by single injection or pump infusion or by sustained release subcutaneous implant, and therapeutic enzymes may be administered by inhalation. In subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous injection the therapeutic enzyme (the active ingredient) may be dissolved or dispersed in a liquid carrier vehicle. For parenteral administration the active material may be suitably admixed with an acceptable vehicle, preferably of the vegetable oil variety such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil and the like. Other parenteral vehicles such as organic compositions using solketal, glycerol, formal, and aqueous parenteral formulations may also be used.

For parenteral application by injection, compositions may comprise an aqueous solution of a water soluble pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the active acids according to the invention, desirably in a concentration of 0.5-10%, and optionally also a stabilizing agent and/or buffer substances in aqueous solution. Dosage units of the solution may advantageously be enclosed in ampoules.

When therapeutic enzymes are administered in the form of a subcutaneous implant, the compound is suspended or dissolved in a slowly dispersed material known to those skilled in the art, or administered in a device which slowly releases the active material through the use of a constant driving force such as an osmotic pump. In such cases administration over an extended period of time is possible.

For topical application, the pharmaceutical compositions are suitably in the form of an ointment, cell, suspension, cream or the like. The amount of active substance may vary, for example between 0.05-20% by weight of the active substance. Such pharmaceutical compositions for topical application may be prepared in known manner by mixing, the active substance with known carrier materials such as isopropanol, glycerol, paraffin, stearyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, etc. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may also include a known chemical absorption promoter. Examples of absorption promoters are, e.g., dimethylacetamide (U.S. Pat. No. 3,472,931), trichloro ethanol or trifluoroethanol (U.S. Pat. No. 3,891,757), certain alcohols and mixtures thereof (British Patent No. 1,001,949). A carrier material for topical application to unbroken skin is also described in the British patent specification No. 1,464,975, which discloses a carrier material consisting of a solvent comprising 40-70% (v/v) isopropanol and 0-60% (v/v) glycerol, the balance, if any, being an inert constituent of a diluent not exceeding 40% of the total volume of solvent.

The dosage at which the therapeutic enzyme containing pharmaceutical compositions are administered may vary within a wide range and will depend on various factors such as for example the severity of the disease, the age of the patient, etc., and may have to be individually adjusted. As a possible range for the amount of therapeutic enzyme which may be administered per day be mentioned from about 0.1 mg- to about 2000 mg or from about 1 mg to about 2000 mg.

The pharmaceutical compositions containing the therapeutic enzyme may suitably be formulated so that they provide doses within these ranges either as single dosage units or as multiple dosage units. In addition to containing a therapeutic enzyme (or therapeutic enzymes), the subject formulations may contain one or more substrates or cofactors for the reaction catalyzed by the therapeutic enzyme in the compositions. Therapeutic enzyme containing, compositions may also contain more than one therapeutic enzyme. Likewise, the therapeutic enzyme may be in conjugate form being bound to another moiety, for instance PEG. Additionally, the therapeutic enzyme may contain one or more targeting moieties or transit peptides to assist delivery to a tissue, organ or organelle of interest.

The recombinant enzyme employed in the subject methods and compositions may also be administered by means of transforming patient cells with nucleic acids encoding the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof. The nucleic acid sequence so encoding may be incorporated into a vector for transformation into cells of the patient to be treated. Preferred embodiments of such vectors are described herein. The vector may be designed so as to integrate into the chromosomes of the subject, e.g., retroviral vectors, or to replicate autonomously in the host cells. Vectors containing encoding N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase nucleotide sequences may be designed so as to provide for continuous or regulated expression of the enzyme. Additionally, the genetic vector encoding the enzyme may be designed so as to stably integrate into the cell genome or to only be present transiently. The general methodology of conventional genetic therapy may be applied to polynucleotide sequences encoding- N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. Reviews of conventional genetic therapy techniques can be found in Friedman, Science 244:1275-1281 (1989); Ledley, J. Inherit. Aletab. Dis. 13:587-616 (1990); and, Tososhev, et al., Curr. Opinions Biotech. 1:55-61 (1990).

A particularly preferred method of administering the recombinant enzyme is intravenously. A particularly preferred composition comprises recombinant N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, normal saline, phosphate buffer to maintain the pH at about 5-7, and human albumin. The composition may additionally include polyoxyethylenesorbitan, such as polysorbate 20 or 80 (Tween-20 or Tween-80) to improve the stability and prolong shelf life. Alternatively, the composition may include any surfactant or non-ionic detergent known in the art, including but not limited to polyoxyethylene sorbitan 40 or 60; polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters; polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoisostearates; poloxamers, such as poloxamer 188 or poloxamer 407; octoxynol-9 or octoxynol 40.

Preferably the surfactant or non-ionic detergent is present at a concentration of at least 0.0001%, or at least 0.0005%, or at least 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004% or 0.005% (w/v). Preferably the concentration is the lowest necessary to achieve the desired stability, but may be up to 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, or 0.02% (w/v). Most preferably the composition comprises a polysorbate at a concentration of 0.005%±0.003% (e.g. 0.002% to 0.008%). These composition ingredients may preferably be provided in the following amounts: N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase 1-5 mg/ml or 50-250 units/ml Sodium chloride solution 150 mM in an IV bag, 50-250 cc total volume Sodium phosphate buffer 10-100 mM, pH 5.8, preferably 10 mM Human albumin, optional 1 mg/mL Tween −20 or Tween −80 0.001%-0.005% (w/v)

In a preferred embodiment, the ASB is formulated as 1 mg/mL in 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM NaPO₄, pH 5.8, 0.005% polysorbate 80.

In a third aspect, the present invention features a method to produce N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof in amounts which enable using the enzyme therapeutically. In a broad embodiment, the method comprises the step of transfecting a cDNA encoding for all or a part of a N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active mutant or analog thereof into a cell suitable for the expression thereof. In some embodiments, a cDNA encoding for a complete N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) is used, preferably a human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB). However, in other embodiments, a cDNA encoding for a biologically active fragment or mutant thereof may be used. Specifically, one or more amino acid substitutions may be made while preserving or enhancing the biological activity of the enzyme.

In other preferred embodiments, an expression vector is used to transfer the cDNA into a suitable cell or cell line for expression thereof. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the cDNA is transfected into a Chinese hamster ovary cell, such as the CHO-K1 cell line. In yet other preferred embodiments, the production procedure comprises the following steps: (a) growing cells transfected with a DNA encoding all or a biologically active fragment or mutant of a human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase a suitable growth medium to an appropriate density, (b) introducing the transfected cells into a bioreactor, (c) supplying a suitable growth medium to the bioreactor, (d) harvesting said medium containing the recombinant enzyme, and (e) substantially removing the transfected cells from the harvest medium.

A suitable medium for growing the transfected cells is a JRH Excell 302 medium supplemented with L-glutamine, glucose and hypoxanthine/thymidine, optionally with or without G418. In a preferred medium, the JRH Excell 302 medium is further supplemented with folic acid, serine, and asparagine, and there is no G418 present in the medium. Using this preferred medium to culture cells provides a higher purity precursor rhASB compared to using the medium supplemented with G418 but not with folic acid, serine, and asparagine (see lane 2 of FIG. 6). It is preferred to grow the cells in such a medium to achieve a cell density of about 1×10⁷ cells/ml resulting in 10-40 mg/ml of active enzyme. Moreover, it is preferable to grow the transfected cells in a bioreactor for about 5 to 15 days. More preferably, it is about 9 days. Preferably, the transfected cells are grown in a bioreactor using a perfusion-based process with collections continuing up to 35 days. More preferably, the transfected cells are grown in a bioreactor using a perfusion-based process with collections continuing up to 45 days. Even more preferably, the transfected cells are grown in a bioreactor using a perfusion-based process with collections continuing up to 60 days. Even much more preferably, the transfected cells are grown in a bioreactor using a perfusion-based process with collections continuing up to 90 days.

According to preferred embodiments, the transfected cells may be substantially removed from the bioreactor supernatant by filtering them through successive membranes such as a 10 μm membrane followed by a 1 μm membrane followed by a 0.2 μm. Any remaining harvest medium may be discarded prior to filtration.

Recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase may be produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells (Peters, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 265:3374-3381). Its uptake is mediated by a high affinity mannose-6-phosphate receptor expressed on most, if not all, cells (Neufeld et al., “The mucopolysaccharidoses” The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, eds. Scriver, et al. New York:McGraw-Hill (1989) p. 1565-1587). Once bound to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor, the enzyme is endocytosed through coated pits and transported to the lysosomes. At the pH of lysosomes, the enzyme is active and begins removing sulfate residues from accumulated dermatan sulfate. In MPS VI fibroblasts, the clearance of storage is rapid and easily demonstrated within 92 hours of enzyme exposure (Anson, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 99:651-662 (1997)). The recombinant enzyme may be produced at a 110-L (approximately 90 L working volume) fermentation scale according to a process according to the flow diagram outlined in FIG. 1.

The recombinant enzyme can be produced using the following method as set forth in Table 1A-C. TABLE 1A Cell Culture Process by the Fed Batch Process Step Process In-Process Testing 1. Thawing of the Inoculate the thawed cells into one T-75 Cell count Working Cell Bank flask with 25 mL of JRH Exell 302 medium Cell viability (WCB) supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine, 4.5 g/L glucose and 10 mg/L hypoxanthine/thymidine; further supplemented with folic acid, serine and asparagine (no G418) Culture for 3 days to achieve 1 × 10¹⁰ cell density ↓ 3. 250 mL Spinner Add cells to 175 mL of supplemented Cell count Flask medium (no G418) Cell viability Culture for 3 days ↓ 4. 1 L Spinner Flask Add cells to 800 mL of supplemented Cell count medium (no G418) Cell viability Culture for 1-2 days ↓ 5. 8 L Spinner Flask Add cells to 4 L of supplemented medium Cell count (no G418) Cell viability Culture for 1-2 days ↓ 6. 2 × 8 L Spinner Split working volume into 2 8 L Spinner Cell count Flask Flasks Cell viability Add cells to 5.5 L of supplemented medium (no G418) to each 8 L Spinner Flask Culture for 1-2 days ↓ 7. Inoculation of 110 L Add cells to 7 mL of supplemented Cell count Bioreactor medium Cell viability Culture 9 days ↓ 8. Production Approximately 9 days of growth in Cell Count bioreactor Cell viability Activity ↓ 9. Harvest Harvest is pumped into 100 L bag, Supernatant refrigerated overnight ↓ 10. Cell Removal Cells are removed from the harvest QC Release Point medium by filtration through a 10 μm Activity membrane cartridge followed by 1 μm and Bioburden 0.2 μm cartridges. Since the cells have been Endotoxin allowed to settle overnight the final 5 to Mycoplasma 10% of the harvest medium is discarded In vitro advent. Agents prior to filtration.

In one embodiment, the transfected cells are grown in a cell culture process that is a perfusion-based process with collections continuing for up to 35 or more days with a collection rate of approximately 400 L per day from one 110 L bioreactor. Preferably, the collection rate is approximately 800 L per day from one 110 L bioreactor. A process flow diagram comparing the perfusion cell culture process with the batch cell culture process is shown in Table 1B. Comparisons to the fed batch process as well as details of the specific changes implemented for the perfusion-based cell culture process are summarized in Table 1C. TABLE 1B Cell Culture Process Comparison Between Fed Batch and Perfusion Processes Batch Process Perfusion Process 1 Working Cell Bank (WCB) Vial 1 WCB Vial ↓ ↓ T75 cm² flask T75 cm² flask ↓ ↓ 250 mL Spinner Flask 250 mL Spinner Flask ↓ ↓ 2 × 250 mL Spinner Flask 2 × 250 mL Spinner Flask ↓ ↓ 2 × 3 L Spinner Flask 2 × 3 L Spinner Flask ↓ ↓ 2 × 8 L Spinner Flask 2 × 8 L Spinner Flask ↓ ↓ 2 × 110 L bioreactors 1 × 110 L bioreactors (80-95 L working volume) (75-85 L working volume) Batch Mode 11-12 days Batch Mode 1-3 days 1 × 110 L bioreactors (75-85 L working volume) Culture duration up to 35 days ↓ ↓ Harvest Collection stored in 200 L Harvest Collection stored in 200 L Polyethylene Bags Polyethylene Bags

TABLE 1C Summary Description of the Differences between the Fed Batch and Perfusion Processes Description Description Production Step (Batch) (Perfusion) CELL CULTURE One batch is the result of one Change: One batch is the result production run with two 110 L of one production run with one bioreactors. 110 L bioreactor Thawing of WCB One vial for each production batch. Change: vial Tests: Expected cell viability >95% Cell Viability: >90% Expected ≧1 × 10⁶ cells recovered Viability of >90% on thaw has proven to yield successful runs and product that meets specifications ↓ T75 cm² flasks Approximately 5 × 10⁶ cells plated into No Change 1 flask. Length of step: ˜3 days Tests: Expected cell viability >90% Expected ≧2 × 10⁷ cells recovered ↓ 250 mL Spinner Cells from T75 is split onto a 250 mL No Change Flask spinner flask. Length of step: ˜2 days Tests: Expected cell viability >90% Expected ≧2 × 10⁸ cells recovered ↓ 2 × 250 mL Cells from 1 × 250 mL spinner flask are No Change Spinner Flask split into two 250 mL spinner flask. Length of step: ˜3 days Tests: Expected cell viability >90% Expected ≧4 × 10⁸ cells recovered ↓ 2 × 3 L Spinner Cells from 2 × 250 mL spinner flasks No Change Flask are split into two 3 L spinner flask Length of step: ˜4 days Tests: Expected cell viability >90% Expected ≧4.8 × 10⁹ cells recovered ↓ 2 × 8 L Spinner Cells from 2 × 3 L spinner flasks are No Change Flask split into two 8 L spinner flask. Length of step: ˜2 days Tests: Expected cell viability >90% Expected ≧1.6 × 10¹⁰ cells recovered ↓ Inoculation of Inoculum of ≧0.8 × 10¹⁰ cells are added Change: culture flask to each of two bioreactors containing 32 L Inoculum of ≧1.6 × 10¹⁰ cells culture medium each. added to one bioreactor Culture monitored with PC-interfaced containing 64 L culture medium. control system. (Reflects the use of one bioreactor versus two.) ↓ Production Growth: 3 days of growth until culture Changes: reaches density of >3.2 × 10¹⁰ cells. Growth/Transition/Harvesting: Vertical Split: Culture media added to When cell density reaches >8 × 10¹⁰ cells/mL, final volume of 95 L. perfusion is Harvesting: Supernatant was harvested started. The perfusion rate is at day 11 or when cell viability fell gradually increased to 5 vessel below 70%. Supernatant is filtered and volumes per day based on stored. glucose levels. When the cell density is >1.28 × 10¹² the pH set point is adjusted to 7.35. Once increases in perfusion rates cease, glucose level is maintained by reducing cell density with a cell bleed. Harvested supernatant is collected and filtered. Termination Run is terminated at harvest. Change: Run is terminated after 35 or more days is reached, or activity falls below 2 mg/L for three consecutive days or after adequate harvested supernatant is collected.

The inoculum preparation for scale-up process is the same for the fed batch and perfusion processes. In one embodiment, the rhASB cell culture is initiated by thawing a single vial from the Working Cell Bank and transferring its contents (approximately 1 mL) to approximately 25 mL of EX-CELL 302 Medium (Modified w/L-Glutamine, No Phenol Red) in a T75 cm² cell culture flask. In each expansion step, the cell culture is incubated until a viable cell count of approximately 0.8×10⁶ cells/mL is achieved. Each cell expansion step is monitored for cell growth (cell density) and viability (via trypan blue exclusion). All additions of EX-CELL 302 Medium (Modified w/L-Glutamine, No Phenol Red) medium and cell transfers are preformed aseptically in a laminar flow hood. The cell culture is expanded sequentially from the T75 cm² flask to a 250 mL spinner flask, to two 250 mL spinner flasks, to two 3 L spinner flasks, and finally to two 8 L spinner flasks. The entire scale-up process lasts approximately 14 days. When the two 8 L spinner flasks are at a density of at least 1.0×10⁶ cells/mL, the flasks are used to seed one 110 L bioreactor.

It is preferred that bioreactor operations for rhASB expression or production or manufacture utilize a perfusion-based cell culture process. Preferably, the bioreactor, using the perfusion process, can control cell densities up to as high as 37 million cells per mL; compared to 4-5 million cells per mL using the fed batch process.

The perfusion-based process runs longer (35 days) than the fed batch process (11-12 days) and produces a greater volume of harvested cell culture fluid (approximately 400 L/day at a perfusion rate of 5 vessel volumes per day) compared to the fed batch process (190 L/run). Preferably, harvesting is performed up to 35 days for a total collection of approximately 8400 L of supernatant.

End of Production Cells (EPC) are evaluated for genetic stability, identity, sterility and adventitious agent contamination per ICH guideline. Preferably, EPC results, obtained from a 35-day long bioreactor run, AC60108, produced under cGMP conditions, show no growth or negative results or no detection of the presence of bacteria and fungi, mycoplasma, adventitious viral contaminants, murine viruses, or like contaminants or particles.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a transgenic cell line which features the ability to produce N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof in amounts which enable using the enzyme therapeutically. In preferred embodiments, the present invention features a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell line such as the CHO K1 cell line that stably and reliably produces amounts of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) which enable using the enzyme therapeutically. Especially preferred is the CHO-K1 cell line designated CSL4S-342. In some preferred embodiments, the cell line contains one or more of an expression construct. More preferably, the cell line contains contains about 10 or more copies of the expression construct. In even more preferred embodiments, the cell line expresses recombinant N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) in amounts of at least about 20-80 or 40-80 micrograms per 10⁷ cells per day.

Recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB) may be produced from a stable transfected CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary) cell line designated CSL4S-342. The cell line is described in the literature (Crawley, J. Clin. Invest. 99:651-662 (1997)). Master Cell Bank (MCB) and Working Cell Bank (WBC) were prepared at Tektagen Inc. (Malvem, Pa.). The cell banks have been characterized per ICH recommended guidelines for a recombinant mammalian cell line.

In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides novel vectors suitable to produce N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof in amounts which enable using the enzyme therapeutically.

In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides novel N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof produced in accordance with the methods of the present invention and thereby present in amounts which enable using the enzyme therapeutically. The preferred specific activity of the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) according to the present invention is about 20-90 Unit, and more preferably greater than 50 units per milligram protein. Preferably, the enzyme has a deglycosylated weight of about 55 to 56 kDa, most preferably about 55.7 kDa. Preferably, the enzyme has a glycosylated weight of about 63 to 68 kDa, most preferably about 64 to 66 kDa. The present invention also includes biologically active fragments including truncated molecules, analogs and mutants of the naturally-occurring human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase.

The human cDNA for N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase predicts a protein of 533 amino acids with a signal peptide of 41 amino acids (Peters, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 265:3374-3381). The predicted molecular weight is about 55.9 kDa after signal peptide cleavage. The recombinant enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 64 kDa on SDS-PAGE due to carbohydrate modifications. The predicted protein sequence contains six potential N-linked oligosaccharide modification sites of which four may be used based on a 2,000 kDa average mass and 8,000 kDa difference between predicted and apparent mass. A mature form of the intracellular protein has three peptides attached by cystine bonds. The largest peptide has a molecular weight of 47 kDa; the other two has a molecular weight of 6 and 7 kDa respectively.

A description of a drug product produced and purified according to the methods of the present invention is provided in Table 2. TABLE 2 Drug Product Preliminary Specifications Test Procedure Specification Activity Fluorescence assay 20,000-120,000 mUnits Adventitious Viruses* In Vitro Assay Pass Appearance Visual Clear, colorless to pale yellow solution Bacterial Endotoxin LAL ≦2 EU/mL Chloride Atomic Absorption Report Value ASB fibroblast Uptake TBD ≦40 nmol Assay Mycoplasma* Points to Consider Pass 1993 Particulates USP ≦600/vial at 25 μm & ≦6000/vial at 10 μm PH USP 5.5-6.8 Phosphate Atomic Absorption Report Value Protein Concentration UV 280 0.8-1.2 mg/ml Purity SDS PAGE 1 major band between 65-70 kDa RP-HPLC >95% Residual Blue Dye TBD Report Value Residual Copper TBD Report Value Sodium Atomic Absorption Report Value Specific Activity Calculation 40,000-80,000 mUnits/mg Sterility 21 CFR 610 Pass *Tested on harvested supernatant from bioreactor (after cell removal by filtration).

In a seventh aspect, the present invention features a novel method to purify N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (ASB) or a biologically active fragment, mutant or analog thereof. According to a first embodiment, a transfected cell mass is grown and removed leaving recombinant enzyme. Exogenous materials should normally be separated from the crude bulk to prevent fouling of the columns. Preferably, the growth medium containing the recombinant enzyme is passed through an ultrafiltration and diafiltration step. In one method, the filtered solution is passed through a DEAE Sepharose chromatography column, then a Blue Sepharose chromatography column, then a CuFF Chelating Sepharose chromatography column, and then a Phenyl Sepharose chromatography column. Such a four step column chromatography including using a DEAE Sepharose, a Blue Sepharose, a Cur Chelating Sepharose and a Phenyl Sepharose chromatography column sequentially results in especially highly purified recombinant enzyme. Those of skill in the art appreciate that one or more chromatography steps may be omitted or substituted or the order of the steps altered within the scope of the present invention. In other preferred embodiments, the eluent from the final chromatography column is ultrafiltered/diafiltered, and an appropriate step is performed to remove any remaining viruses. Finally, appropriate sterilizing steps may be performed as desired. The recombinant enzyme may be purified according to a process outlined in FIG. 2. The quality of the recombinant enzyme is key to patients. The rhSB produced by this method is substantially pure (>95%).

In a preferred embodiment, the ultrafiltration/diafiltration step is performed with a sodium phosphate solution of about 10 mM and with a sodium chloride solution of about 100 mM at a pH of about 7.3. In another embodiment, the DEAE Sepharose chromatography step is performed at a pH of about 7.3 wherein the elute solution is adjusted with an appropriate buffer, preferably a sodium chloride and sodium phosphate buffer. In additional preferred embodiments, the Blue Sepharose chromatography step is performed at a pH of about 5.5 wherein the elute solution is adjusted with an appropriate buffer, preferably a sodium chloride and sodium acetate buffer. Also, in preferred embodiments, the Cu++ Chelating Sepharose chromatography step is performed with an elution buffer including sodium chloride and sodium acetate. In especially preferred embodiments, a second ultrafiltration/diafiltration step is performed on the eluate from the chromatography runs wherein the recombinant enzyme is concentrated to a concentration of about 1 mg/ml in a formulation buffer such as a sodium chloride and sodium phosphate buffer to a pH of about 5.5 to 6.0, most preferably to a pH of 5.8. Phosphate buffer is a preferred buffer used in the process because phosphate buffer prevents critical degradation and improves the stability of the enzyme.

A more detailed description of particularly preferred purification methods within the scope of the present invention is set forth in Table 3. TABLE 3 Purification Process Overview Step Process 1. UF/DF Filtered harvest fluid (HF) is concentrated ten fold and then diafiltered with 5 volumes of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.3 using a tangential flow filtration (TFF) system. ↓ 2. DEAE Pre-wash 1 buffer: 0.1 N NaOH Sepharose FF Pre-wash 2 buffer: 100 mM NaPO4 pH 7.3 (flow through) Equilibration buffer: 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM NaPO4, pH 7.3 Load: Product from Step 1 Wash buffer: 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM NaPO4, pH 7.3 Strip buffer: 1 M NaCl, 10 mM NaPO4, pH 7.3 Sanitization buffer: 0.5 N NaOH Storage buffer: 0.1 N NaOH ↓ 3. Blue Sepharose Pre-wash 1: 0.1 N NaOH FF Pre-wash 2: H₂O Pre-wash 3: 1 M NaAc, pH 5.5 Equilibration buffer: 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM NaAc, pH 5.5 Load: DEAE flow through Wash buffer: 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM NaAc, pH 5.5 Elution buffer: 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM NaAc, pH 5.5 Regeneration buffer: 1 M NaCl, 20 mM NaAc, pH 5.5 Sanitization buffer: 0.1 N NaOH, 0.5-2 hours Storage buffer: 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM NaAc, pH 5.5, 20% ETOH ↓ 4. Cu++ Sanitization buffer: 0.1 N NaOH Chelating Wash buffer: H₂O Sepharose FF Charge Buffer: 0.1 M Copper Sulfate Equilibration buffer: 20 mM NaAc, 0.5 M NaCl, 10% Glycerol, pH 6.0 Load: Blue Sepharose Eluate Wash Buffer 1: 20 mM NaAc, 0.5 M NaCl, 10% Glycerol, pH 6.0 Wash Buffer 2: 20 mM NaAc, 1 M NaCl, 10% Glycerol, pH 4.0 Wash Buffer 3: 20 mM NaAc, 1 M NaCl, 10% Glycerol, pH 3.8 Elution Buffer: 20 mM NaAc, 1 M NaCl, 10% Glycerol, pH 3.6 Strip Buffer: 50 mM EDTA, 1 M NaCl Sanitization Buffer: 0.5 N NaOH, 0.5-2 hours Storage Buffer: 0.1 N NaOH ↓ 5. Phenyl Pre-wash 1 Buffer: 0.1 N NaOH Sepharose HP Pre-wash 2 Buffer: H₂O Equilibration buffer: 3 M NaCl, 20 mM NaAc, pH 4.5 Load: Cu⁺⁺ Chelating Sepharose Eluate Wash Buffer 1: 3.0 M NaCl, 20 mM NaAc, pH 4.5 Wash Buffer 2: 1.5 M NaCl, 20 mM NaAc, pH 4.5 Elution buffer 1: 1.0 M NaCl, 20 mM, NaAc, pH 4.5 Strip Buffer: 0 M NaCl, 20 mM NaAc, pH 4.5 Sanitization Buffer: 0.5 N NaOH Storage Buffer: 0.1 N NaOH ↓ 6. UF/DF The purified rhASB is concentrated and diafiltered to a final concentration of 1.5 mg/ml in formulation buffer (150 mM NaCl, 10 mM NaPO4, pH 5.8) using a TFF system. ↓ 7. Formulation (if Dilute with additional formulation buffer to 1.0 mg/ml necessary) ↓ 8. Viral 0.02 μm filtration into sterile container Reduction/ Sterile filtration ↓ 9. Vialing Product filled into 5 cc Type 1 glass vials, manually stoppered, crimped and labeled.

The formulated bulk drug substance can be sterilized through a 0.04 micron or preferably a 2 micron filter in a class 100 laminar flow hood into Type 1 glass vials. The vials may be filled to a final volume of about 5 mL using a semi-automatic liquid filling machine. The vials may then be manually stoppered, sealed and labeled.

A more preferred method to purify a precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4sulfatase comprises: (a) obtaining a fluid containing precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase; (b) reducing the proteolytic activity of a protease in said fluid able to cleave the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, wherein said reducing does not harm said precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase; (c) contacting the fluid with a Cibracon blue dye interaction chromatography resin; (d) contacting the fluid with a copper chelation chromatography resin; (e) contacting the fluid with a phenyl hydrophobic interaction chromatography resin; and (f) recovering said precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. Preferable, steps (c), (d) and (e) are performed sequentially. This method requires no more than three chromatography steps or columns. In order to obtain highly purified precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, no further chromatography steps or columns are required. This method does not comprise the fluid contacting a DEAE Sepharose resin. The recovered precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase has a purity of at least equal to or greater than 99%. The overall recovery yield can be at least about 40-60%.

Preferably, obtaining the fluid containing the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase comprises growing a culture of cells transformed with a gene encoding N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase; preferably, the gene encodes human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. Preferably, the cells are mammalian cells. More preferably, the mammalian cells are Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. The obtaining step can further comprise harvesting the fluid from said culture of cells. The obtaining step can further comprise concentrating said fluid to about 20×.

A feature of this method is an early separation of protease activity and the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. This separation can comprise either (1) the reduction, inhibition, or inactivation of the protease activity, or (2) the physical separation of the protease(s) from the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase. Preferably, this separation occurs as early as possible during the purification process. The purpose is to keep to a minimum the number of molecules of precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase being cleaved into the mature or processed form and/or other degraded form(s). The precursor form of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is the preferred form, as opposed to the mature or processed form, because it is more readily taken up into the target tissue and for subsequent targeting to the lysosome. The earlier or sooner the protease activity is separated from the precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase: the fewer the number of molecules of the precursor form would be cleaved into the mature or processed form.

The activity of the protease is reduced or inhibited by adjusting the fluid to a pH value between about 4.8 to 8.0. Preferably, the pH value is between about 4.8 to 5.5. More preferably, the pH value is between about 4.8 and 5.2. The specific protease activity that is desired to be reduced is protease activity that specifically cleaves precursor form of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase into the mature or processed forms. The protease activity is found in one or more cysteine protease. A cysteine protease that specifically cleaves precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase is cathepsin L. This cathepsin L has a molecular weight of about 36 kDa in its inactive form that is converted to its active forms of 21-29 kDa in size upon exposure to pH of less than 5.0 (see FIG. 9C). The pH can be adjusted into any value whereby the protease(s) is not converted from its inactive form to its active form and the desired precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, or biological activity thereof, is not harmed or not irreversibly harmed.

Preferably, step (c) comprises passing the fluid through a Cibracon blue dye interaction chromatography column. More preferably, the Cibracon blue dye interaction chromatography column is a Blue Sepharose 6 Fast Flow column. Preferably, step (d) comprises passing the fluid through a copper chelation chromatography column. More preferably, the copper chelation chromatography column is a Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow column. Preferably, step (e) comprises passing the fluid through a phenyl hydrophobic interaction chromatography column. More preferably, the phenyl hydrophobic interaction chromatography column is a Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast Flow High Sub column. Preferably, the temporal sequence of steps (c), (d) and (e) is step (c), step (d) and step (e).

The recovering step can comprise ultrafiltration and/or diafiltration of the fluid. The recovering can comprise filtering the fluid to remove DNA and/or filtering the fluid to remove virus. The filtering, for removing virus, can comprise passing said fluid through a 0.02 μm filter.

This method can also be used to purify a N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase or biologically active fragment, analog or mutant thereof.

The purity of rhASB is measured or determined using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (“RP-HPLC”), which separates proteins based on differences in hydrophobicity. This assay uses a C4 column (Phenomenex Jupiter) as the stationary phase and a gradient of water:acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The protein samples are initially injected onto the column in water; under these conditions, all proteins will bind to the column. A gradually increasing concentration of acetonitrile is then infused through the column. This acetonitrile gradient increases the hydrophobicity of the mobile phase, to the point where individual proteins become soluble in the mobile phase and elute from the column. These elution times are accurately reproducible for each individual protein in a mixture. Proteins are detected as peaks on a chromatogram by ultraviolet absorbance at 210 nm. The areas of each peak are calculated, and the sample purity can be calculated as the ratio of the rhASB peak area to the total area of all peaks in the chromatogram. RP-HPLC is a proven high-resolution, reproducible method of determining the purity of rhASB.

Studies prior to this application indicate that the purity of ASB was determined by performing an impurity protein ELISA. This method of using impurity protein ELISA (the details of which are not disclosed) probably used antibodies raised against a mixture of potential host-cell impurity proteins. The ELISA would likely be performed using a standard curve of the same mixture of potential impurity proteins used to generate the antibodies. Test samples would likely be quantitated for impurity levels, relative to this standard mixture. These assays are valuable tools in protein purification, but are less accurate than RP-HPLC for determining the product purity for the following reasons:

(1) In the RP-HPLC assay, the proportions of rhASB and impurities are both determined by the same measurement (UV absorbance). In the ELISA, the impurity concentration is determined by antibody binding whereas the target protein content is determined by another assay method (usually UV absorbance or Bradford). The “percent purity” value should be calculated as the ratio of two quantities with the same units, experimentally determined by the same method.

(2) For the ELISA to work well, the sample detected by the antibody should have the same protein composition as the standard. This is very unlikely to be the case in an impurity protein ELISA. The assay standard for this type of assay would be a mixture of many individual proteins, against which the antibodies were generated. However, only a small subset of impurity proteins should be present in purified rhASB product. Therefore, the antibody reagent will now be detecting a different mixture of proteins, and the response versus the standard will probably be quite nonlinear. When this occurs, the assay yields a different net value for each sample dilution, so one does not know which dilution (if any) is giving the correct value.

(3) In addition, not all potential impurity proteins are immunogenic or immunogenic to the same degree in animals such as rabbits, used to generate the antibodies. Therefore, the impurity level determined by ELISA may only reflect a subset of the impurities present in the purified products. It is entirely possible to have one or more major impurities in the product that are totally undetectable. In contrast, RP-HPLC detects all proteins because UV absorbance is a universal property of protein molecules.

(4) Finally, there are two types of impurities in a purified drug product: product-unrelated impurities (host cell proteins as discussed above) and product-related impurities (degradation products including processed forms and aggregates). The latter cannot be detected by the impurity ELISA but can be readily detected by RP-HPLC.

Therefore, actual numbers obtained from the impurity protein ELISA are open to question, and RP-HPLC numbers are based on a firmer foundation.

In addition, SDS-PAGE analysis permits detection of both host cell impurities and processed or degraded forms of the desired drug protein product. When used in conjunction with Western blot, product-unrelated impurities from host cell contaminants can be differentiated from product-related impurities. Finally, SEC-HPLC permits a level of quantification of product-related impurities because it can detect impurities of different molecular weights, including lower molecular weight processed or degraded forms of the protein as well as monomers, dimers and other multimers.

An embodiment of this method of purification is depicted in Table 4. TABLE 4 Method of Purification Step Process Harvest Filtration Filtration through Clarification filters, 0.45 μm filters and finally 0.2 μm filter. Filtered polled harvests are stored in polypropylene bags UF Concentration Equilibration and flush: 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.3 Load: filtered harvest fluid Concentration: Concentration to 20X Filtration: Filter the diluted product through a 0.2 μm filter into storage container pH adjustment and pH adjustment: Add 10% glacial acetic acid to pooled 20X concentrates to a final filtration pH of equal to or less than about 7.3; preferably, the pH is about 4.0 to 7.3; more preferably, the pH is about 4.5 to 5.5; even more preferably, the pH is about 5.0 Load: pooled 20X concentrates Rinse: Water-for Injection (WFI) Filtration through Clarification filters and 0.2 μm filter. Flush: 20 mM sodium acetate, 120 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.0 The recovery yield can be at least about 83% Cibracon blue dye Pre-Wash: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide interaction Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) chromatography Equilibration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH is less than about 6.5; preferably, pH is column about 5.0 to 6.5; more preferably, pH is about 6.45 (Blue Sepharose 6 Load: pH adjusted and filtered pooled 20X concentrates FF) Wash: 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.45 (Blue, Blue Elution: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 125 mM sodium chloride, pH 6.45 Sepharose) Regeneration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 1.0 M sodium chloride, pH 6.45 Sanitization: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide Wash 1: Water-for-Injection (WFI) Wash 2: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 1.0 M sodium chloride, pH 6.45 Storage: 20% Ethanol The recovery yield can be at least about 84% Copper chelation Pre-Wash: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide chromatography Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) column Charge Buffer: 0.1 M cupric sulfate (Chelating Equilibration: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH is Sepharose FF) less than about 6.0; preferably, pH is about 3.6 to 5.5; more preferably, pH is (Copper, CC, about 5.5 Copper-Chelating) Load: Adjust glycerol content of pooled Blue Eluates to 10%, by adding 100 mM sodium acetate, 2.0 M sodium chloride, 50% glycerol, pH 5.2 Wash 1: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 5.5 Wash 2: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 3.9 Elution: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 3.6 Eluate hold for 30-120 minutes prior to adjustment to pH 4.5 with 0.5 M NaOH Regeneration: 50 mM EDTA, 1.0 M sodium chloride, pH 8.0 Sanitization: 0.5 M sodium hydroxide Storage: 0.1 M sodium hydroxide The recovery yield can be at least about 86% Phenyl Pre-Wash: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide hydrophobic Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) interaction Equilibration: 20 mM sodium acetate, 2.0 M sodium chloride, pH is about 4.5 to chromatography 7.1; preferably, pH is about 4.5 column Load: Adjust sodium chloride content of Copper Eluate to 2 M, by adding 20 mM (Phenyl Sepharose sodium acetate, 5 M sodium chloride, pH 4.5 6 FF High Sub) Wash 1: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 2.0 M sodium chloride, pH 7.1 (Phenyl, Phenyl Wash 2: 20 mM sodium acetate, 2.0 M sodium chloride, pH 4.5 High Sub) Elution: 20 mM sodium acetate, 250 mM sodium chloride, pH 4.5 Regeneration: 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5 Sanitization: 0.5 N sodium hydroxide Storage: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide The recovery yield can be at least about 88% UF/DF, DNA Equilibration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.8 Filtration, Viral Concentration: Concentration to NMT 1.5 mg/mL Filtration, Diafiltration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.8 Formulation DNA Filtration: Product filtered through a DNA filter Viral Filtration/Dilution: Product filtered through a 0.02 μm filter and diluted to 1.0 mg/ml Formulation: Polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 50 μg/mL is added Filtration: Filter the diluted product through a 0.2 μm filter into storage container

The components of the drug product thus obtained are set forth in Table 5. The components of the drug product composition within the scope of the present invention are set forth in Table 6. TABLE 5 Drug Product Component Component Description Active Recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase Ingredient Excipients Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic, 1 H₂0 Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic, 7 H₂0 Sodium Chloride Container Kimble Glass, Type I 5 ml clear glass vial, Borosilitcate West pharmaceuticals, S-127 4432150 Grey stopper

TABLE 6 Drug Product Composition Component Amount RhASB 1 mg/mL Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic, 1 H₂0 9 mM Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic, 7 H₂0 1 mM Sodium Chloride 150 mM

The invention having been described, the following-examples are offered to illustrate the subject invention by way of illustration, not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLE 1 Clinical Evaluation with Recombinant Human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase

Summary

The indication for recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB) is the treatment of MPS VI, also known as Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome. We propose a clinical development program for rhASB consisting of an initial open-label clinical trial that will provide an assessment of weekly infusions of the enzyme for safety, pharmacokinetics, and initial response of both surrogate and defined clinical endpoints. The trial will be conducted for a minimum of three months to collect sufficient safety information for 5 evaluable patients. At this time, should the initial dose of 1 mg/kg not produce a reasonable reduction in excess urinary glycosaminoglycans or produce a significant direct clinical benefit, the dose will be doubled and maintained for an additional three months to establish safety and to evaluate further efficacy.

Objectives

Our primary objective is to demonstrate safety of a weekly infusion of rhASB in patients with MPS VI for a minimum of a three-month period. Measurements of safety will include adverse events, immune response and allergic reactions (complement activation, antibody formation to recombinant enzyme), complete clinical chemistry panel (kidney and liver function), urinalysis, and CBC with differential.

One secondary objective is to evaluate efficacy by monitoring changes in several parameters known to be affected in MPS VI. These include a six-minute walk test (as a measure of exercise tolerance), full pulmonary function (PFT) evaluation, reduction in levels of urinary glycosaminoglycans and hepatomegaly (as measures of kidney and liver GAG storage), growth velocity, joint range of motion, Children's Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ), visual acuity, cardiac function, sleeping studies, and two different global assessments; one performed by the investigator, one performed by the patient/caregiver. A second secondary objective is to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of infused drug in the circulation, and general distribution and half-life of intracellular enzyme using leukocytes and buccal tissue as sources of tissue. It is anticipated that these measures will help relate dose to clinical response based on the levels of enzyme delivered to the lysosomes of cells.

Methods

We will conduct a single center, open-labeled study to demonstrate safety and to evaluate clinical parameters of treatment with rhASB in patients with MPS VI. Patients will be admitted for a two week baseline evaluation that will include a medical history and physical exam, psychological testing, endurance testing (treadmill), a standard set of clinical laboratory tests (CBC, Panel 20, CH50, UA), a MRI or CAT scan of the body (liver and spleen volumetric determination, bone and bone marrow evaluation, and lymph node and tonsillar size), a cardiology evaluation (echocardiogram, EKG, CXR), an airway evaluation (pulmonary function tests), a sleep study to evaluate for obstructive events during sleep, a joint restriction analysis (range of motion will be measured at the elbows and interphalangeal joints), a LP with CNS pressure, and biochemical studies (buccal N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase activity on two occasions, leukocyte N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase activity on two occasions, urinary GAG on three occasions, serum generation for ELISA of anti-rhASB antibodies and 24 hour urine for creatinine clearance). In addition to the above evaluations, each patient will be photographed and videotaped performing some physical movements such as attempting to raise their hands over their heads and walking. Patients will be titrated with antihistamines such that pretreatment with these agents could be effectively employed prior to infusion of enzyme. The proposed human dose of 1 mg/kg (50 U/kg) will be administered weekly by i.v. infusion over 4 hours. The patient will remain in the hospital for the first two weeks, followed by short stays for the next four weeks. Treatment for the final six weeks will be conducted at a facility close to the patient's home. Patients will return to the hospital for a complete evaluation at three months. Should dose escalation to 2 mg/kg be required, the patients will follow the same schedule outlined above for the first twelve weeks. Under either scenario, a complete evaluation will also occur at 6 months from the time of entering the trial. Safety will be monitored throughout the trial. Patients completing the trial will be continued on therapy following an extended protocol for as long as safety and efficacy conditions warrant it until BLA approval.

Patient Number and Enrollment Rate

A single patient will be enrolled at the onset of the trial, with two additional patients one month later, and two more patients two weeks later barring any unforeseen complications related to treatment. Additional patients will be admitted should any of the enrolled patients become critically ill, or if a child is in need of an acute clinical procedure for life threatening or harmful conditions.

Diagnosis and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

The patient may be male or female, aged five years or older with a documented diagnosis of MPS VI confirmed by measurable clinical signs and symptoms of MPS VI, and supported by a diminished fibroblast or leukocyte ASB enzyme activity level. Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test (urine β-hCG) just prior to each dosing and must be advised to use a medically accepted method of contraception throughout the study. A patient will be excluded from this study if the patient has previously undergone bone marrow transplantation; is pregnant or lactating; has received an investigational drug within 30 days prior to study enrollment; or has a medical condition, serious intercurrent illness, or other extenuating circumstance that may significantly decrease study compliance.

Dose, Route and Regimen

Patients will receive rhASB at a dose of 1 mg/kg (˜50 U/kg) for the first 3 months of the study. In the event that excess urine GAGs are not decreased by a reasonable amount and no clinical benefit is observed, the dose will be doubled. Dose escalation will occur only after all 5 patients have undergone 3 months of therapy. This rhASB dosage form will be administered intravenously over approximately a four-hour period once weekly for a minimum of 12 consecutive weeks. A peripheral intravenous catheter will be placed in the cephalic or other appropriate vein and an infusion of saline begun at 30 cc/hr. The patient will be premedicated with up to 1.25 mg/kg of diphenylhydramine i.v. based on titration experiments completed prior to the trial. rhASB will be diluted into 100 cc of normal saline supplemented with 1 mg/ml human albumin. The diluted enzyme will be infused at 1 mg/kg (about 50 units per kg) over a 4 hour period with cardiorespiratory and pulse oximeter monitoring. The patients will be monitored clinically as well as for any adverse reaction to the infusion. If any unusual symptoms are observed, including but not limited to malaise, shortness of breath, hypoxemia, hypotension, tachycardia, nausea, chills, fever, and abdominal pain, the infusion will be stopped immediately. Based on clinical symptoms and signs, an additional dose of diphenylhydramine, oxygen by mask, a bolus of i.v. fluids or other appropriate clinical interventions such as steroid treatment may be administered. If an acute reaction does occur, an assessment for the consumption of complement in the serum will be tested. A second i.v. site will be used for the sampling required for pharmacokinetic analysis.

Evaluable Patients

The data from any given patient will be considered evaluable as long as no more than two non-sequential infusions are missed during the 12 weeks of therapy. The initial, midpoint and final evaluations must be completed.

Safety

The enzyme therapy will be determined to be safe if no significant acute reactions occur that cannot be prevented by altering the rate of administration of the enzyme, or acute antihistamine or steroid use. The longer-term administration of the enzyme will be determined to be safe if no significant abnormalities are observed in the clinical examinations, clinical labs, or other appropriate studies. The presence of antibodies or complement activation will not by themselves be considered unsafe, but such antibodies will require monitoring by ELISA, and by clinical assessments of possible immune complex disease.

Efficacy

One purpose of this study is to evaluate potential endpoints for the design of a pivotal trial. Improvements in the surrogate and clinical endpoints are expected as a result of delivery of enzyme and removal of glycosaminoglycan storage from the body. Dose escalation will be performed if mean excess urinary glycosaminoglycan levels are not reduced by a reasonable amount over three months and no significant clinical benefit is observed at 3 months. Improvements are expected to be comparable to those observed in the recently completed MPS I clinical trial and should include improved airway index or resolution of sleep apnea, improved joint mobility, and increased endurance.

EXAMPLE 2

A comprehensive review of the available information for the MPS VI cat and relevant pharmacology and toxicology studies is presented below: Enzyme replacement therapy has been established as a promising treatment for a variety of inherited metabolic disorders such as Gaucher Disease, Fabry Disease and Mucopolysaccharidosis I. In some of these disorders a natural animal model offers the ability to predict the clinical efficacy of human treatment during pre-clinical studies. This was found to be true in MPS I (canine model). With this in mind, studies have been performed with the MPS VI cat prior to the commencement of human studies for this disease. Sufficient safety and efficacy data exist to proceed with a clinical trial in human MPS VI patients.

Studies of rhASB MPS VI cats indicate that no cat has died as a result of drug administration. As predicted, experiments in MPS VI cats also indicate that rhASB uptake is dependent on the presence of mannose 6-phosphate modified carbohydrate sidechains. RhASB in MPS VI cats has also been shown to clear storage from a variety of major organs and moderately alters bone density. Long-term dose-ranging efficacy studies suggest that a dose of 1 mg/kg/week is the lowest concentration to see significant clinical benefits. Studies has also been performed to compare enzyme distribution, clearance of tissue glycosaminoglycan storage, and decrease of urinary glycosaminoglycan levels after bolus and slow (2 hour) infusion. Studies in progress continue to evaluate the safety of weekly infusions of the projected clinical dose of 1 mg/kg of rhASB in cats suffering from MPS VI.

A spontaneous form of MPS VI in several families of Siamese cats was identified in the 1970's (Jezyk, Science 198:834-36 (1977)), and detailed reports of the pathological changes in these animals have been published (Haskins, et al., Am. J. Pathol. 101:657-674 (1980); Haskins, et al., J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 182:983-985 (1983); Konde, et al., Vet. Radiol. 28:223-228 (1987)). Although the clinical presentation of these cats is somewhat variable, they all exhibit general changes that have been reported in the literature (Jezyk, et al., Science 198:834-36 (1977); Konde, et al, Vet Radiol. 28:223-228 (1987); Crawley, “Enzyme replacement therapy in a feline model of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI” PhD thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S. Australia, (1998)). Table 6 has been constructed from these sources to provide the “average” changes one would expect to observe in an untreated MPS VI cat: TABLE 7 MPS VI Cat Model Changes Relative to Human Clinical Observation Timing of Onset disease (independent of time) Facial dysmorphia: 2 months Similar to human disease Small head, Broad maxilla, Small ears Diffuse corneal clouding 2 months Similar to human disease Bone abnormalities: First signs at 2 Similar to human disease - Epiphyseal dysplasia, months - progressive alterations in enchondral Subluxations, calcification Pectus excavatum Reduced body weight 3 months Similar to human disease Reduced cervical spine Normal cat value is Similar to human disease flexibility 180° at all ages. In MPS VI:  3 months: 130-170°  5 months: 45-130°  6 months: 30-100° 11 months: 20-80° Osteoporosis/Degenerative 1 year or more Similar to human disease Joint Disease Hind limb gait defects See table below Carpal tunnel syndrome Hind limb paresis or paralysis C₁-C₂ subluxation, (thoracolumbar cord Cervical cord compression compressions) secondary to thickened dura more typical Grossly normal liver and Liver and spleen enlarged spleen in humans Thickened cardiac valves Similar to human disease No CNS lesions - mild lateral May be comparable to ventricle enlargement hydrocephalus in human disease

Other biochemical/morphological determinations indicate that by 35 days, organs of untreated cats have maximal storage of glycosaminoglycans in tissues (Crawley, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 99:651-662 (1997)). Urinary glycosaminoglycan levels are elevated at birth in both normal and MPS VI cats but after approximately 40 days, normal cats have decreased levels. MPS VI cats urinary glycosaminoglycans remain elevated or continue to increase until reaching steady state after approximately 5 months.

Variability in clinical presentation is seen in affected littermates. In addition to some variability in the timing of onset of particular abnormalities, the time course of progression for some of the clinical and pathological changes is also variable. In general, the bone lesions are typically progressive (Konde et al., Vet. Radiol. 28:223-228 (1987)), while the corneal clouding is not. In addition, some paralyzed cats have been noted to improve to severe paresis with time. Studies detailing disease progression in individual cats are limited to clinical (or radiographic) observations. Some of these have distinct pathological correlations, such as neurological deficit and cord compression secondary to proliferation of bony tissue in the thoracolumbar region (Haskins, et al., J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 182:983-985 (1983)).

A six-month efficacy study enzyme replacement therapy using recombinant feline ASB in newborn MPS VI cats was conducted. This was prompted by the observation that several treated MPS VI cats developed antibodies to the human enzyme (refer to section 6.5). These antibodies may alter uptake and stability of the enzyme (Brooks, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1361:203-216 (1997)). Feline enzyme was infused at 1 mg/kg weekly. The major conclusions of the study were that urinary GAG, body weight/growth, bone morphometry and clearance of stored material from several tissues was improved relative to the same dose of human recombinant enzyme used in the previous study, that antibodies were not detected beyond the range observed in normal cats, and that the feline enzyme dose at 1 mg/kg was comparable in reversing disease as the human enzyme dose at 5 mg/kg in a head-to-head comparison (Bielicki, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 274:36335-43 (1999)). These studies indicate that an incremental improvement in endpoints and immunogenicity is possible when the cat-derived enzyme is given to cats. This provides additional support to dosing human patients with the human enzyme at 1 mg/kg/week. The results of this study are set forth in Table 7. TABLE 8 Efficacy of Weekly Bolus Injections of CHO-derived Recombinant Feline ASB in Newborn MPS VI Cats Results Dose 1 mg/kg Duration 6 months (n = 2) 3 months (n = 3) Urinary GAGS Decreased to 2x normal Decreased to 2x normal Antibody titers Within range observed in To be completed normal cats Clinical Appearance Persistent corneal clouding Persistent corneal Some resolution of facial clouding dysmorphia Some resolution of Improved body shape facial dysmorphia, Improved body shape Weight Heavier than normal Slightly lighter than normal Spine Flexibility 160°-180° Not examined (normal = 180°) Neurological Normal Normal Radiology Improved quality Not examined Density and dimensions of bone (similar to 1 mg/kg rh4S in ref. 10) Gross Bone/Cartilage Variable; decreased cartilage Not examined Thickness thickness more uniform subchondral bone (similar to 1 mg/kg rh4S^(a)) Spinal Cord No compressions present Not examined Cellular Level Liver (Kupffer) Complete lysosomal storage Complete lysosomal clearing storage clearing Skin Almost complete reduction is Mild reduction storage Cornea/Cartilage No clearance of lysosomal No clearance (ear, articular) storage compared with of lysosomal untreated MPS VI controls storage Heart Valves Significant reduction in To be completed lysosomal storage Aorta Almost complete reduction in Mild reduction in lysosomal storage lysosomal storage

Table 9 provides a summary of all studies performed using recombinant human ASB in the MPS VI cat model. TABLE 9 RhASB Study Results Duration Route of No. Cat Dose (Mo.) Administration Urinary GAGS Histopathology 1 0/8 mg/kg/14 d  7-22 Bolus i.v. Decreased 50% Normalization of vacuolization in liver 1.5 mg/kg/7 d 22-27 Bolus i.v. compared to untreated Significant reduction in kidney and skin cat 1 0.5 mg/kg/14 d 12-23 Bolus i.v. Decreased to near No correction in cornea and chondrocytes 1.4 mg/kg/7 d 23-27 Bolus i.v. normal No kidney immune complex deposition 1 0.8 mb/kg/14 d  2-15 Bolus i.v. 1 0.2 mg/kg/8 d 6 Bolus i.v. Marginal reduction N/A compared to untreated 4 1 mg/kg/7 d 5/6 Bolus i.v. Decreased and Complete lysosomal storage clearing in liver cells maintained at 3x No evidence or renal impairment or glomerular immune complex normal compared to deposition untreated at 10x Significant reduction of lysosomal storage in heart valves normal Gradient storage content from media to adventia in aorta 1 11  Bolus i.v. Mild reduction of lysosomal storage of skin (hip joint, dura, kidney) No evidence of renal impairment or glomerular deposition No significant changes in lysosomal storage of cornea/cartilage 2 5 mg/kg/7 d 5/6 Bolus i.v. Decreased and Complete lysosomal storage in clearing in liver and skin (hip joint, maintained at 2x dura, kidney) normal compared to No evidence of renal impairment or glomerular deposition untreated at 10x Near complete reduction in lysosomal storage in heart valves normal Thin band of vacuolated cells in outer tuncia media 1 11  Bolus i.v. No evidence of renal impairment or glomerular deposition Near complete reduction of lysosomal storage in heart valves Thin band of vacuolated cells in outer tuncia media 2 0.5 mg/kg 6 Bolus i.v. Decreased to 3x Complete lysosomal clearing in liver 2 × weekly normal Mild to moderate reduction in skin Variable reduction of lysosomal storage of heart valves Mild reduction of lysosomal storage in aorta 2 1 mg/kg/7 d 1 Long infusion Reduced after first or Reduction of lysosomal storage in reticuloendothelial cells and very (2 hr) second infusion to mild in heat valve and aorta after 5 infusion 2 1 Short infusion below untreated MPS (10 min) VI cats 5 1 mg/kg/7 d 6 Long infusion (2 hr)

EXAMPLE 3 Distribution and Feasibility

An initial study was performed to document enzyme uptake and distribution, and to serve as a pilot study of potential endpoints for future efficacy studies (Crawley, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 97.1864-1873 (1996)). Recombinant human ASB was administered by bolus injection to affected cats once per week or once every two weeks at 0.5 up to 1.5 mg/kg. Evaluation of one untreated MPS VI cat (Cat D), and one normal cat provided the values from which comparisons were drawn. The data from the one untreated cat was further supported by historical assessment of 38 additional untreated cats. The acute uptake and distribution studies were conducted in normal cats using an immune assay technique that allowed the detection of human ASB in the presence of normal cat enzyme.

The major conclusions of these studies demonstrated wide uptake of enzyme with the expected predominance of liver and spleen uptake as observed in other enzyme replacement studies in MPS animal models. The uptake efficiency was dependent on the presence of mannose 6-phosphate modified carbohydrate side-chains on the enzyme. The half-life of the enzyme was determined to be 2-4 days. Therapeutically, the enzyme did clear storage from a variety of major organs and did moderately alter bone density. The cornea, bone morphology and cartilage defects were not effectively treated in older MPS VI cats. The study results are summarized in Table 10. TABLE 10 Summary: Distribution/Feasibility MPS VI Cat Study Findings Cat A B C Parameter Treated MPS VI Treated MPS VI Treated MPS VI Dose 0.8 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 0.5 mg/kg 1.4 mg/kg 0.8 mg/kg per 14 d per 14 d per 7 d per 14 d per 7 d Age at dose (mo.) 7*-22 22-27 12*-33 23-27 2*-15 Infusion Parameters 2-10 ml (PBS) via cephalic v. for 5-20 minutes Plasma t_(1/2) (i.v. bolus) 13.7 ± 3.2 min @ 1 mg/kg 45 min @ 7.5 mg/kg All values relative to endogenous feline ASB enzyme four hours after infusion of 1 mg/kg rhASB in normal cats Liver: 495x Spleen: 6x Lung: 22.3x Heart: 4.3x Aorta: 4x Skin: 31x Cartilage: 0x Cornea: 0x Tissue t_(1/2) 2-4 days @ 1 mg/kg in most organs (detectable enzyme in most tissues of cat B, but only in liver of A after 7 days) Neurological Ambulation N/A Marginal progression fluctuated, but to paretic gate by end of improved on higher study dose Corneal Opacity Did not change with therapy (slit lamp exam 3x late in rx) Skeletal (x-rays) Lesions progressed (no radiographic improvement 4 views every 3 mo. Increased bone volume/trabecular # in cat C (received earlier rx) Vertebral compression in cat C Anaphylaxis No anaphylaxis, minimal distress on infusion; Antibody response 1 × 10⁶ 64,000 64,000 (Ig titers) (plasma could inhibit Untreated MPS VI = 4,000-32,000 enzyme activity in vitro) Urinary GAGS Decreased 50% Decreased to near normal (at ˜400 days) compared to untreated cat Urinary dermatan Midway for all 3 cats (relative to untreated control D and normal) sulfate (˜400 days) Body Weight 2.5-3.0 kg vs. normal 4-7 kg Liver/Spleen Grossly normal Heart Valves Grossly normal Cartilage Abnormal thickness and formation Microscopy Normalization of vacuolization in liver, (vacuolization) Significant reduction in kidney and skin, No correction in cornea and chondrocytes Kidney immune Absent complex deposition

EXAMPLE 4 Efficacy in MPS VI Cats Treated from Birth

A long term dose-ranging efficacy study was performed in MPS VI cats starting at birth (Crawley, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 99:651-662 (1997)), and is summarized in Table 10. MPS VI cats were treated weekly with bolus i.v. injections of 0.2, 1 and 5 mg/kg of rhASB beginning at birth. A total of 9 cats were treated for 5, 6 or 11 months. In addition, 12 MPS VI and 9 normal cats were included as untreated controls. The major conclusions are that 0.2 mg/kg dose did not alter disease progression in the one cat studied, and the only documented clinical benefit was a reduction in the storage in liver Kupffer cells. Urinary GAG levels decreased to near normal during the trial in the higher dose groups. In addition to improvements in the major organs, the higher doses of therapy from birth were able to prevent or ameliorate the bony deformity of the spine and the abnormal form of many bones. There was a dose-dependent effect on improvement in L-5 vertebral bone mineral volume, bone trabecular thickness, and bone surface density between the 1 and 5 mg/kg doses, although both were equivalent in improving bone formation rate at 5 to 6 months of ERT (Byers, et al., Bone 21:425-431 (1997)). The mitral valve and aorta was dependent on dose and was less complete at 1 mg/kg but nearly complete at 5 mg/kg. No improvement of storage in cartilage and cornea was observed at any dose. The study suggests that the 1 mg/kg/week dose is the lowest concentration to see significant clinical benefit. The study results are summarized in Table 11. TABLE 11 Efficacy of Weekly Bolus Injections of CHO-derived Recombinant Human ASB in Newborn MPS VI Cats (Study PC-BM102-002) Results Dose 1 mg/kg 5 mg/kg Duration 5/6 mo 11 mo 5/6 mo 11 mo N 4 1 2 1 Biochemical Urinary GAGs Decreased and maintained at 3x Decreased and maintained at 2x normal compared to untreated at 10x normal compared to untreated at 10x normal normal Clinical Appearance Variable changes; Variable changes; Persistent corneal clouding by slit Persistent corneal clouding by slit lamp lamp Weight Intermediate (no rx vs. normal) Intermediate (no rx vs. normal) Spine Flexibility 130-160° 90° 180° 160° (normal = 180) (untreated MPS VI = 90°) Neurological 1 of 4 mild No deficits No deficits No deficits hindlimb paralysis Radiology Improved bone quality, density and Improved bone quality, density dimensions and dimensions Possibly superior to 1 mg/kg Gross Bone/Cartilage Variability, but Degenerative Variability, but Degenerative Thickness improved joint disease improved joint disease present present Spinal Cord 1 of 4 with No No cord compressions several mild compressions compressions Cellular Level Liver (Kupffer) Complete Maintained Complete Maintained lysosomal storage lysosomal storage clearing clearing Skin (hip Joint, No evidence of Mild reduction Complete Maintained Dura, Kidney) renal impairment or in lysosomal lysosomal storage No evidence glomerular immune storage clearing of renal complex deposition No evidence of No evidence of impairment or renal impairment or renal impairment or glomerular glomerular glomerular deposition deposition deposition Cornea/Cartilage NA No significant NA No (ear, articular) changes in significant lysosomal storage changes in lysosomal storage Heart Valves Significant Significant Near complete reduction in (Variable) (variable) reduction lysosomal storage reduction in in lysosomal lysosomal storage storage near complete Aorta Gradient of storage content from Thin band of vacuolated cells in media to adventitia outer tunica media

EXAMPLE 5 Efficacy of Twice Weekly Infusions of Recombinant Human ASB in Newborn MPS VI Cats

A six-month study was performed in newborn cats to evaluate a 0.5 mg/kg infusion given twice weekly. In addition, the enzyme used in this study was derived exclusively from the CSL-4S-342 cell line. The major conclusions of the study include that compared with the previously reported 1 mg/kg weekly dose, this study produced similar improvements in physical, biochemical, neurological and radiographic parameters. The most notable differences were slightly worsened cervical spine flexibility, and less clearance of lysosomal storage in the denser connective tissues such as the heart valves and aorta. The results are summarized in Table 12. TABLE 12 Efficacy of Twice Weekly Bolus Injections of CHO-derived Recombinant Human ASB in Newborn MPS VI Cats Parameter Results Dose 0.5 mg/kg Duration 2x weekly: 6 months (n = 2; cats 225f, 226m) Urinary GAGs Decreased to 3x normal Antibody titres Within range observed in normal cats Clinical Appearance Persistent corneal clouding Some resolution of facial dysmorphia Improved body shape Weight Intermediate (between no treatment and normal) Spine Flexibility 90°-150° (normal = 180°) Neurological No hind limb paralysis Radiology Improved quality, density and dimensions of bone (similar to 1 mg/kg rh4S in ref. 110 Gross Bone/Cartilage Variable; decreased cartilage thickness and more Thickness uniform subchondral bone (similar to 1 mg/kg rh4S^(a)) Spinal Cord No compressions present Cellular Level Liver (Kupffer) Complete lysosomal clearing Skin Mild to moderate reduction in storage Cornea/Cartilage No clearance of lysosomal storage compared (ear, articular) with untreated MIPS VI controls Heart Valves Variable reduction in lysosomal storage (complete in 225f; no change from untreated in 226m) Aorta Mild reduction in lysosomal storage

EXAMPLE 6 Evaluation of Enzyme Uptake and Distribution as a Function of the Rate of Enzyme Infusion in MPS VI Cats

The primary goal of this study was to compare enzyme distribution, clearance of tissue GAG storage, and decrease of urinary GAG levels after bolus infusion and after slow (2 hour) infusion of an identical 1 mg/kg dose. The slow administration proposal is based on experience from preclinical and clinical studies of α-L-iduronidase for the treatment of MPS I. In addition, the study provided the first data that enzyme produced at BioMarin from cell line CSL4S-342 is biologically active and safe. Major conclusions of the study include that all four cats (two per group) treated in this study showed no acute adverse reaction to either the slow or fast infusion, and no detrimental effects of repeated enzyme infusions. However, bolus infusion results in high liver uptake which is not preferred. Slow infusion provides better distribution into tissues and therefore is a preferred method for clinical trial.

The tissue distribution of rhASB obtained in the study suggested that 2-hour infusions might increase enzyme levels in other organs apart from the liver, including increased activity in the brain. Reduction in urinary GAG was observed immediately after the first or second infusion to levels below the range observed in untreated MPS VI cats. Correction of lysosomal storage was observed in reticuloendothelial cells and very mild in some fibroblasts (heart valve) and smooth muscle cells (aorta) after 5 infusions. No other significant clinical response to infusions was observed in either group, however this was not unexpected due to the short duration of the study, and due to therapy starting after significant disease changes had already developed. The extended 2-hour infusion was safe and well tolerated relative to the shorter protocols used in previous studies. The 2-hour infusion may provide improvement in enzyme distribution based on the one cat that was evaluable for enzyme tissue distribution.

EXAMPLE 7 6 Month Safety Evaluation of Recombinant Human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase in MPS VI Affected Cats

Two 6 month studies in MPS VI cats have been initiated using the enzyme produced by the manufacturing process according to the present invention. The purpose of these studies is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of weekly infusions of the projected human clinical dose of rhASB in cats suffering from MPS VI. Study 6 involves kittens dosed initially at 3 to 5-months of age. Study 7 involves kittens treated from birth with weekly infusions of the projected human clinical dose of rhASB. The studies are intended to access potential toxicology. Cats will be observed for changes in behavior during infusion of the recombinant enzyme to assess possible immune responses. Serum will be monitored for complement depletion and for the formation of antibody directed against the recombinant enzyme. General organ function will be monitored by complete clinical chemistry panels (kidney and liver function), urinalysis, and complete blood counts (CBC) with differential. Urinary glycosaminoglycan levels will be monitored on a weekly basis at a set time points relative to enzyme infusion. Evidence of clinical improvements in disease will be documented. These data will provide additional assessment of the potential efficacy of the treatment and will validate the activity and uptake of the enzyme in vivo. The studies have and will be conducted in a manner consistent with the principles and practices of GLP regulations as much as possible.

Preliminary results of the first study indicate that administration of rhASB has not had any detrimental effects on any of the animals, with bodyweights and clinical chemistries generally maintained within reference ranges. However, both of the cats with significantly elevated antibody titers developed abnormal clinical signs during infusions, however both animals behaved normally once enzyme infusions ceased and did not appear to suffer any longer tern ill effects. Extended infusion times (4 hours) and increased premedication antihistamines have allowed continued therapy in the cats without any abnormal clinical signs. Mild reduction in urinary GAG levels suggest some efficacy of therapy in reducing stored glycosaminoglycans in tissues or circulation, however fluctuations in these levels were observed over time making interpretation difficult. None of the 5 cats have shown obvious clinical improvements in response to ERT, but this will require at least 6 month treatment based on previous studies²³. Antibody titers have developed in four out of the five cats, with noticeable increases in titers observed after 2 months of ERT. Two of these cats have developed significantly elevated titers after 2 or 3 months.

EXAMPLE 8 Safety Profile for MPS VI Cats Treated with rhASB

A study has commenced enrolling affected cats that were treated within 24 hours of birth. Forty-one MPS VI cats have been treated using rhASB. Administration of enzyme to normal cats has been restricted to one to two cats to confirm acute safety of new batches prior to exposure of the valuable affected animals to therapy. In summary, no MPS VI cat has died as a result of drug administration, although four cats have died as a result of viral infection or an underlying congenital abnormality. Enzyme for the studies was produced according to the production methods of the present invention. The preliminary data are set forth in Table 13. TABLE 13 MPS VI Cat Efficacy Study Summary from Hopwood Laboratory Rx Length Study # # of Cats Dose/wk (mg/kg) (mos.) Mortality 1 2 Variable 13-21 None 1 2 1 0.2 5 None 2 1 0.2 1 Died: congenital heart defect — 2 0.5 3-5 1 died parvovirus 2 4 1  3-11 1 died parvovirus 2 — 1 1 6 None (s.c.) — 4 1 6 None 2 2 5  3-11 1 died parvovirus 2 4 2 0.5 (twice) 5 None — 3 0.5 (twice) 5 None 5 4 1 1 None 6 5 1 Started None 7 5 1 Started None

EXAMPLE 8A Tissue Distribution with Slow Infusion

A separate study was undertaken to compare the rate of uptake and tissue distribution of rhASB in young MPS VI cats (<10 weeks old at initiation) using a long- (two hours) or a short-infusion (10-15 minutes) protocol (ASB-PC-004). Seven normal cats (12-24 months old) were sedated and had femoral artery cannulae implanted to allow blood sampling. rhASB at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg or 7.3 mg/kg was infused into the cephalic vein in a volume of 7 mL over 40 seconds. Serial heparinized arterial blood samples were obtained at approximately 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 120 minutes post-dose. Plasma was collected by centrifugation and frozen until analysis. After four hours, animals were euthanized and tissues were collected, weighed and frozen until analysis.

In a separate study, three normal cats (8-66 months old) received a 1.0 mg/kg IV bolus dose of rhASB in a 7 mL dose volume. One cat per time point was euthanized at 2, 4 or 7 days post-dose. Selected tissues were collected, weighed and frozen until analysis. One additional normal cat, not exposed to rhASB, was euthanized to provide feline ASB levels in tissues for analytical comparisons. rhASB or feline ASB were quantitated in plasma and tissues was performed using an ELISA assay technique. rhASB in samples was adsorbed to an immobilized anti-rhASB monoclonal antibody and feline ASB was absorbed to a polyclonal anti-rhASB antibody that cross-reacts with feline ASB. The absorbed ASB was then quantitated using afluorescent substrate.

Plasma concentration analyses showed that the t1/2 of rhASB at the 1.0 mg/kg dose was 13.7±3.2 minutes and was ≅45 minutes for the 7.3 mg/kg dose. Tissue t1/2 following the 1.0 mg/kg dose ranged from 2.4-4.2 days in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney and heart. Low, but detectable levels were seen in these tissues (except heart) up to seven days following dosing. Four hours after a dose of 1.0 mg/kg ASB, the majority of the dose delivered to the liver, was detected in all tissues measured except cartilage and cornea, with the majority in the liver. With the exception of the cerebrum and cerebellum, levels were 4- (aorta) to 495- (liver) fold higher than those of feline ASB in the untreated control cat. The tissue half-lives determined in this study (2.4-4.2 days at 1.0 mg/kg) support the weekly clinical dosing frequency.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of infusion rate on enzyme distribution, clearance of tissue GAG storage, and decrease of urinary GAG levels. Groups (n=2/group) of 10-week-old MPS VI cats were administered short (10-15 minutes) or long (two hours) IV infusions of rhASB, 1.0 mg/kg once weekly for five weeks. Animals were euthanized two days after the last infusion and selected tissues (liver, spleen, heart, lung, kidney, skin, aorta, cerebrum, cerebellum, cartilage, cornea and lymph nodes) were collected for determination of ASB activity and for histopathological evaluation. Tissues were stored frozen until analysis. The study employed the same immune assay to determine the tissue ASB levels as described above (ASB-PC-001). One cat in the two-hour infusion group had reduced tissue enzyme levels compared to the other treated cats. High levels of enzyme were detected around the catheterization site following the last dose while low levels were seen in the contralateral limb. These findings suggest that the catheter had dislodged prematurely and had contributed to the low tissue levels of ASB seen in the tissues from this animal. Comparison of enzyme activities in the remaining three cats showed increased enzyme activity in the liver, lung, kidney, cerebrum and cerebellum and reduced activity in the mesenteric lymph nodes of the two-hour infusion cat relative to the 10-minute infusion animals. No enzyme was found in the skin, cartilage and corneas. Although the data from this study is limited, the findings from this study suggest that two-hour infusions may result in increased enzyme levels in the tissues (apart from the liver) relative to 10-minute infusions, indicating that the extended infusions provide better tissue distribution.

EXAMPLE 9 Method of Manufacture and Purification (Perfusion Process)

A process flow diagram comparing the purification processes for the fed batch and perfusion-based cell culture processes is provided in Table 14. Comparisons to the fed batch purification process as well as details of the specific changes implemented for the purification of the perfusion process material are summarized in Table 15. Table 16 depicts the purification method used for the perfusion-based cell cultures. TABLE 14 Purification Process Comparison between Batch and Perfusion Processes Batch Process Perfusion Process Harvest Filtration Harvest Filtration ↓ ↓ 10X Concentration and Diafiltration 20X Concentration ↓ ↓ DEAE Sepharose Chromatography pH adjustment and filtration ↓ ↓ Blue SepharoseFF Chromatography Blue SepharoseFF Chromatography ↓ ↓ Copper Chelating Sepharose FF Chromatography Copper Chelating Sepharose FF Chromatography ↓ ↓ Phenyl Sepharose HP Chromatography Phenyl Sepharose FF Hi Sub Chromatography ↓ ↓ Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration DNA removal Viral reduction through a 0.04 μm filter Viral reduction through a 0.02 μm filter Formulation Formulation w/Polysorbate 80 0.2 μm filter 0.2 μm filter Formulated Bulk Drug Substance is stored until QA Formulated Bulk Drug Substance is stored until QA release. Formulated Bulk Drug Substance lots that meet release. Formulated Bulk Drug Substance lots that meet release specifcations may be pooled at this step release specifcations may be pooled at this step ↓ ↓ Released Formulated Bulk Drug Substance shipped to Released Formulated Bulk Drug Substance shipped to Hollister-Stier Laboratories for filling, vialing and Hollister-Stier Laboratories for filling, vialing and labeling labeling.

TABLE 15 Summary Description of Purification Changes Production Description Description Step (Batch) (Perfusion) PURIFICATION PROCESS Concentration/ Tangential Flow Filtration: 2.8 m² Changes: Diafiltration Albumin retentive MWCO filters Tangential Flow Filtration: 5.6 m² Albumin Operation: retentive MWCO filters Concentration to 10X Operation: Diafiltered against 5 volumes 10 mM Concentration to 20X sodium phosphate, 100 mM sodium No diafiltration, system rinsed with 100 mM chloride, pH 7.3 sodium phosphate, pH 7.3 Rationale: Reduction of volume for storage at 4° C. ↓ DEAE Sepharose Column: Step deleted FF Flow-Through 2 × 30 cm diameter × 33 cm height Chromatography Pre-Wash: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) Neutralize: 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.3 Equilibration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 100 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.3 Load: concentrated/diafiltered harvest Wash: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 100 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.3 Strip: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 1.5 M sodium chloride, pH 7.3 Regeneration: 10% glacial acetic acid Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) Sanitization: 0.5 N sodium hydroxide Storage: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide ↓ pH adjustment pH adjustment: addition of 10% glacial and filtration acetic acid to pooled 20X concentrates to a final pH 5.0 Load: pooled 20X concentrates Filtration through clarification filters and 0.2 μm filter Flush: 20 mM sodium acetate, 120 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.0 Rationale: Increases rhASB binding capacity of the subsequent Blue Sepharose resin column. ↓ Blue Sepharose Column: Change: FF 20 cm diameter × 11 cm height Column: Chromatography Pre-Wash: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide 45 cm diameter × 16 cm height Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) Neutralization: omitted Neutralization: 1 M sodium acetate, pH Equilibration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 5.5 pH 6.45 Equilibration: 20 mM sodium acetate, Load: pooled 20X concentrates, pH 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.5 adjusted to 5.0 and filtered. Load: DEAE flow through adjusted to Wash: 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.45 20 mM sodium acetate, 150 mM sodium Elution: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 125 mM chloride, pH 5.5 sodium chloride, pH 6.45 Wash: 20 mM sodium acetate, 150 mM Regeneration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, pH 5.5 1.0 M sodium chloride, pH 6.45 Elution: 20 mM sodium acetate, 500 mM Wash 2: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 1.0 M sodium chloride, pH 5.5 sodium chloride, pH 6.45 Regeneration: 20 mM sodium acetate, Rationale: 1.0 M sodium chloride, pH 5.5 Conditions allow improved removal of Sanitization: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide potential CHO impurities allowing for Wash 1: Water-for-Injection the deletion of DEAE Sepharose Wash 2: 1 M sodium acetate, pH 5.5 Chromatography. Storage: 20% Ethanol ↓ Copper Chelating Column: Changes: Sepharose FF 14 cm diameter × 9 cm height Column: Chromatography Pre-Wash: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide 40 cm diameter × 16 cm height Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) Equilibration: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M Charge Buffer: 0.1 M cupric sulfate sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 5.5 Equilibration: 20 mM sodium acetate, Load: Adjust glycerol content of pooled 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, Blue Eluate to 10%, by adding 100 mM pH 6.0 sodium acetate, 2.0 M sodium chloride, Load: Adjust glycerol content of Blue 50% glycerol, pH 5.2 Eluate to 10%, by adding 20 mM sodium Wash 1: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M acetate, 500 mM sodium chloride, 50% sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 5.5 glycerol, pH 6.0 Wash 2: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M Wash 1: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 3.9 sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 6.0 Wash 3: omitted Wash 2: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M Rationale: sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 4.0 Consistent and reproducible product Wash 3: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M purity obtained with modified step sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 3.8 Elution: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 3.6 Regeneration: 50 mM EDTA, 1.0 M sodium chloride, pH 8.0 Sanitization: 0.5 M sodium hydroxide Storage: 0.1 M sodium hydroxide ↓ Viral Inactivation Pooled Eluate fractions held for 30-120 No Change minutes prior to adjustment to pH 4.5 with 0.5 M NaOH ↓ Phenyl Sepharose Column: Change: Chromatography 10 cm diameter × 16 cm height Column: Resin: Phenyl Sepharose High Performance 40 cm diameter × 16 cm height Pre-Wash: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide Resin: Phenyl Sepharose High Sub Fast Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) Flow Equilibration: 20 mM sodium acetate, Equilibration: 20 mM sodium acetate, 2.0 M 3.0 M sodium chloride, pH 4.5 sodium chloride, pH 4.5 Load: Adjust sodium chloride content of Load: Adjust sodium chloride content of Copper Eluate to 3 M, by adding 20 mM Copper Eluate to 2 M, by adding 20 mM sodium acetate, 5 M sodium chloride, pH sodium acetate, 5 M sodium chloride, pH 4.5 4.5 Wash 1: 20 mM sodium acetate, 3.0 M Wash 1: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 2.0 M sodium chloride, pH 4.5 sodium chloride, pH 7.1 Wash 2: 20 mM sodium acetate, 1.6 M Wash 2: 20 mM sodium acetate, 2.0 M sodium chloride, pH 4.5 sodium chloride, pH 4.5 Elution: 20 mM sodium acetate, 1 M Elution: 20 mM sodium acetate, 250 mM sodium chloride, pH 4.5 sodium chloride, pH 4.5 Regeneration: 20 mM sodium acetate, Rationale: pH 4.5 Alternate resin has more favorable flow Sanitization: 0.5 N sodium hydroxide characteristics and capacity for rhASB. Storage: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide Wash 1 allows more robust clearance of potential protein impurities. ↓ UF/DF Final Tangential Flow Filtration: <0.4 m² Change: MWCO 10 kDa Filters. Tangential Flow Filtration: 2.8 m² MWCO Equilibration: 10 mM sodium 10 kDa Filters. phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.8 Concentration: Concentration to NMT 1.5 mg/mL Diafiltration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.8 ↓ DNA Removal Not Done New Step: DNA Filtration: Product filtered through an ion exchange-based DNA filter. Rationale: Additional DNA clearance to compensate for deletion of DEAE Flow-Through Chromatography step. ↓ Formulation Diluted to 1.0 mg/ml with 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.8 ↓ Viral filtration Viral Filtration: Product filtered through Change: a 0.04 μm filter Viral Filtration: Product filtered through a 0.02 μm filter Rationale: Use of smaller pore size to enhance viral clearance. ↓ Formulation Step occurs earlier in process Change: (Prior to viral filtration) Diluted to 1.0 mg/ml with 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.8 Formulation: Polysorbate 80 is added to a concentration of 50 μg/mL. ↓ Filtration Filtration: Filter the diluted product No Change through a 0.2 μm filter into storage container

TABLE 16 rhASB Purification Method (Perfusion Process) Step Process Harvest Filtration Filtration through Clarification filters, 0.45 μm filters and finally 0.2 μm filter. Filtered polled harvests are stored in polypropylene bags UF Concentration Equilibration and flush: 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.3 Load: filtered harvest fluid Concentration: Concentration to 20X Filtration: Filter the diluted product through a 0.2 μm filter into storage container pH adjustment and pH adjustment: Add 10% glacial acetic acid to pooled 20X concentrates to a final filtration pH of 5.0 Load: pooled 20X concentrates Rinse: Water-for Injection (WFI) Filtration through Clarification filters and 0.2 μm filter. Flush: 20 mM sodium acetate, 120 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.0 Blue Sepharose 6 Pre-Wash: 0.1N sodium hydroxide FF Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) (Blue, Blue Equilibration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.45 Sepharose) Load: pH adjusted and filtered pooled 20X concentrates Wash: 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.45 Elution: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 125 mM sodium chloride, pH 6.45 Regeneration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 1.0 M sodium chloride, pH 6.45 Sanitization: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide Wash 1: Water-for-Injection (WFI) Wash 2: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 1.0 M sodium chloride, pH 6.45 Storage: 20% Ethanol Chelating Pre-Wash: 0.1N sodium hydroxide Sepharose FF Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) (Copper, CC, Charge Buffer: 0.1M cupric sulfate Copper-Chelating) Equilibration: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 5.5 Load: Adjust glycerol content of pooled Blue Eluates to 10%, by adding 100 mM sodium acetate, 2.0M sodium chloride, 50% glycerol, pH 5.2 Wash 1: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 5.5 Wash 2: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 3.9 Elution: 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, pH 3.6 Eluate hold for 30-120 minutes prior to adjustment to pH 4.5 with 0.5 M NaOH Regeneration: 50 mM EDTA, 1.0M sodium chloride, pH 8.0 Sanitization: 0.5M sodium hydroxide Storage: 0.1M sodium hydroxide Phenyl Sepharose Pre-Wash: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide 6 FF High Sub Wash: Water-for-Injection (WFI) (Phenyl, Phenyl Equilibration: 20 mM sodium acetate, 2.0 M sodium chloride, pH 4.5 High Sub) Load: Adjust sodium chloride content of Copper Eluate to 2 M, by adding 20 mM sodium acetate, 5 M sodium chloride, pH 4.5 Wash 1: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 2.0 M sodium chloride, pH 7.1 Wash 2: 20 mM sodium acetate, 2.0M sodium chloride, pH 4.5 Elution: 20 mM sodium acetate, 250 mM sodium chloride, pH 4.5 Regeneration: 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5 Sanitization: 0.5 N sodium hydroxide Storage: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide UF/DF, DNA Equilibration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.8 Filtration, Viral Concentration: Concentration to NMT 1.5 mg/mL Filtration, Diafiltration: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.8 Formulation DNA Filtration: Product filtered through a DNA filter Viral Filtration/Dilution: Product filtered through a 0.02 μm filter and diluted to 1.0 mg/ml Formulation: Polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 50 μg/mL is added Filtration: Filter the diluted product through a 0.2 μm filter into storage container

All purification columns are regenerated prior to use, sanitized after use and stored in the appropriate buffers as indicated in Tables 15 and 16.

Purification Raw Materials

All materials are supplied by qualified vendors. TABLE 17 Raw Materials for Purification Ingredient Grade Glacial Acetic Acid USP Cupric Sulfate Pentahydrate USP Edetate Disodium USP Dehydrated Alcohol, USF (Ethanol, 200 Proof) USP Glycerine USP Sodium Acetate, Trihydrate USP Sodium Chloride USP Sodium Hydroxide 50% w/w Solution Reagent Grade Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic, Heptahydrate USP/EP Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic, Monohydrate USP Hydrochloric Acid, 6 N Volumetric Solution Reagent Grade Polysorbate 80, MF/EP (CRILLE 4 HP) NF/EP Water-for-Injection, Packaged in Bulk USP

The glycerine to be utilized is to be derived from a synthetic process. All raw materials used are to be in compliance with the latest version of the CPMP/CVMP Note for Guidance entitled, “Minimising the Risk of Transmitting Animal Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents Via Human and Veterinary Medicinal Products,” in which tallow derivatives such as glycerol and fatty acids manufactured by rigorous processes involving high temperatures and pressure conditions or chemical reactions known to be terminally hostile to the bovine spongiform encephalopathic (BSE) agent are thought unlikely to be infectious. Thus, the risk of BSE transmission from the glycerine is considered to be low.

The viral safety of rhASB is confirmed by a combination of selection and qualification of vendors, raw material testing, cell bank characterization studies, viral removal studies and inactivation capacity of the rhASB purification process, and routine lot release testing. Relevant US, EU, and ICH regulations and guidelines have been referenced to ensure the viral safety of rhASB.

Column Chromatography, DNA Removal and Viral Filtration

RhASB is now purified using a series of chromatography and filtration steps. The harvest fluid is concentrated to 20× by ultrafiltration, pH adjusted, filtered and loaded onto a Blue Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography column (45 cm×16 cm). The Blue Sepharose Fast Flow eluate is filtered prior to loading on to a Copper Chelating Sepharose column. The Copper eluate is filtered prior to loading on to a Phenyl Sepharose Fast Flow High Sub column. All three column chromatography purification steps are run in a bind and elute mode. The Phenyl Sepharose column eluate is passed through an anion exchange filter and viral reduction filter prior to concentration and buffer exchange by ultrafiltration.

Viral Removal/Inactivation Studies

Two studies were conducted to assess the viral reduction capacity of the modified rhASB purification process. Studies were performed at BioReliance (Rockville, Md.) using two model virus systems, Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (XMuLV) and Murine Minute Virus (MMV). XMuLV is an enveloped single-stranded RNA retrovirus with low resistance to physico-chemical inactivation. MMV is a small, non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus with high resistance to physico-chemical agents.

These studies evaluated two chromatographic steps (Copper Chelating Sepharose FF and Phenyl Sepharose FF High Sub) and the viral filter (0.02 μm) used in the rhASB purification process. Spike and recovery studies were performed using scaled down versions of the process steps. The critical parameters maintained were retention times and matrix-solution interactions. This was achieved by replicating the buffers, linear flow rates and column heights but adjusting for column diameter. Materials used in the study (product and buffers) were collected from actual full scale production.

Chromatography columns (Copper Chelating Sepharose and Phenyl Sepharose) were packed and pre-run with either typical rhASB loads (blank) or loads spiked with viral buffer prior to shipping to BioReliance. Chromatograms and product yields in the presence of viral buffers were comparable to blank runs. Identical column loads were spiked with either XMuLV or MMV immediately prior to chromatography. The amount of viral reduction for each of the evaluated steps was determined by comparing the viral burden in the column loads and eluates. A summary of the results for this study are shown in Table 18. TABLE 18 Reduction Factors for XmuLV and MMV MMV Log Process Step XMuLV Log Reduction Reduction Blue Sepharose not tested not tested Copper Chelating ≧3.51 ± 0.52 ≧2.71 ± 0.52 (+low pH hold) Phenyl Sepharose ≧3.54 ± 0.36 ≧1.72 ± 0.64 DNA Filtration not tested not tested Viral Filtration ≧5.51 ± 0.43 ≧4.76 ± 0.00 Total log Reduction ≧12.56 ≧9.19 In-Process Testing

In-process testing is performed throughout the process and is illustrated in FIG. 3. In-process testing of the harvest cell culture fluid and the purification intermediates is described in Tables 19 and 20. TABLE 19 In-Process Testing of the Harvested Cell Culture Fluid Test Action Levels Bacterial Endotoxin by LAL ≧2 EU/mL (USP/EP) Bioburden ≧1 cfu/10 mL (USP/EP) Total Protein by Bradford Results used for the calculation of the and Activity Blue Sepharose column load Mycoplasma¹ Negative (Release Specification) In vitro Assay For The Negative Presence of Viral (Release Specification) Contaminants¹ ¹Sampling is performed at multiple time points during the cell culture harvest stage of manufacturing. The last sample removed prior to the termination of the cell culture process is tested and a negative result is required for lot release.

TABLE 20 In-Process Testing of Purification Intermediates Test Action Levels Bacterial Endotoxin by ≧3 EU/mL in column eluates¹ LAL (USP/EP) Bioburden ≧20 cfu/mL pre-filtration¹ (USP/EP) ≧1 cfu/100 mL in Formulated Bulk Drug Substance (FBDS)² Activity Result used for the calculation of the Copper Chelating and Phenyl Sepharose column loads Total Protein by Result used for the calculation of the protein UV-Vis concentration for the UF/DF Spectrophotometry ¹Results exceeding action levels are investigated per standard operating procedures. ²If results exceed action level, the FBDS will be 0.2 μm filtered into appropriate sterile storage containers and then quarantined pending release for shipment to filling sites. Results of Perfusion Method of Purifying Precursor rhASB

Table 21 provides data on the degree of purity of rhASB obtained using the purification methods described in Tables 15 and 16. The “Purity by RP-HPTC” column indicates the degree of purity obtained for the combined amount of both the precursor and mature forms of rhASB. TABLE 21 rhASB Lot Release Results Purity by RP- Presence of the Manufacturing Lot HPLC processed forms* process AP60028 99.6 − Batch process AP60029 98.8 + Batch process AP60030 98.7 + Batch process AP60031 99.1 − Batch process AP60032 99.8 − Batch process AP60033 99.4 − Batch process AP60035 98.7 − Batch process AP60036 99.4 − Batch process AP60038 99.6 − Batch process AP60039 99.3 − Batch process AP60040 99.1 − Batch process AP60101 99.3 − Batch process AP60102 98.9 − Batch process AP60103 99.0 − Batch process AP60104 99.0 + Batch process AP60105 99.0 − Batch process AP60106 99.2 − Batch process ALP60107 99.4 − Batch process AP60108 99.7 − Perfusion process AP60109 99.8 − Perfusion process AP60201 99.0 N/A Perfusion process AP60202 100 − Perfusion process *“+” indicates the presence of the processed forms (estimated at 1-15%) in the formulated bulk drug substance; “−” indicates the absence of the processed forms.

FIGS. 4A-4C provide the representative chromatograms of the three chromatographic steps of the perfusion method of purification (Table 16). Table 22 provides the average recoveries of precursor rhASB for each of these three chromatographic steps. FIG. 5 provides the data for the purity analysis of in-process samples at each chromatographic step and of the purified final product (precursor rhASB). TABLE 22 Summary of Purification Recoveries. Step Average Recovery (%) pH Adjustment to 5.0 83 Blue Sepharose Column 84 Copper Chelating Sepharose Column 86 Copper to Phenyl Transition 86 Phenyl Sepharose Column 88 Overall 50

When purified products obtained using the batch process and the perfusion process are compared, the perfusion process clearly produces a purer precursor rhASB. Even attempts to further optimize the batch processes by selecting different wash fractions or varying the conditions did not result in the consistently pure product obtainable by the perfusion process. The perfusion process is able to produce consistent precursor rhASB purity of 99% or more, while the batch process does not (Table 21). FIG. 6 provides a comparison between the products obtained using the old batch method wherein the cell culture is cultured using a medium that is supplemented with G418 and not supplemented with folic acid, serine and asparagine (lane 2), and the purified products purified using the perfusion process (lanes 3-9)). The samples of rhASB were denatured in SDS with a reducing agent and subjected to electrophoresis through 4-20% PAGE in SDS running buffer. The batch process purified products clearly contain far more impurities (especially near the 48 kDa size) than the perfusion process purified products. The batch process rhASB appear to detectable amounts of processed forms (estimated at 1-15%) (lane 2). The perfusion process purified lots are highly comparable to each other and are significantly less complex than the batch process purified rhASB standard, indicating a higher degree of purity for the perfusion process material.

Table 23 provides percent purity of precursor rhASB purified using the perfusion process purification method. TABLE 23 Purity of Final Product. Purity by RP-HPLC Lot (% main peak) AC60109 UF #4 99.8 AC60109 UF #10 99.6 AC60109 UF #1 99.7 AG60109 UF #18 99.9 AC60109A UF #22 99.7 AG60109A UF #25 99.8 AC60109A UF #27 100 AG60109 99.8 BMK Manufacturing AC60202 UF #4 ND AC60202 UF #10 ND AC60202 UF #18 ND AC60202 100 BMX Manufacturing Average 99.8 ND = not determined.

Table 24 provides percent purity of lots of precursor rhASB purified using the perfusion process purification method, where purity has been evaluated by RP-HPLC and SEC-HPLC (which allows quantification of impurities of different molecular weights such as processed forms or multimers). TABLE 24 Purity by RP-HPLC and SEC-HPLC Purity by RP-HPLC Purity by SEC-HPLC Lot (% Main Peak) (% Main Peak) AP60109 99.8 99.8 AP60202 100 >99 AP60204 99.7 99.8 AP60206 100 99.8 AP60301 100 99.6 AP60302 100 99.6 AP60303 100 99.5 AP60304 100 ND* Average 99.9 99.6 *Not Determined Protease Removal in the Perfusion Process

At the 180 L batch scale two relatively large 24 L DEAE Sepharose runs are required per lot. The perfusion process generates 10-fold larger harvest volumes that impose severe impractical DEAE Sepharose column sizes and buffer volumes for practical large scale purification. Therefore, elimination of the particularly untenable DEAE Sepharose step was evaluated in an effort to streamline the new perfusion purification train. As a consequence, the three column train (as described in Table 16) overcomes this large scale production obstacle.

The DEAE Sepharose chromatography step in the batch process (described in Table 15) was employed primarily to remove total protein (including proteases) and the pH indicator dye, Phenol Red. The latter issue is addressed in the new process by removal of Phenol Red from the 302 media formulation. The removal of total protein by DEAE sepharose step resulted in higher Blue sepharose capacity at pH 5.5. In the new process, Blue Sepharose conditions needed to be identified that balanced high rhASB capacity while limiting protease activity. Both capacity and proteolysis are enhanced at low pH. In addition, clearance of proteases should be demonstrable to improve the robustness of the subsequent Copper Chromatography step, where clearance of the protease, cathepsin, has been found problematic in the Batch process. Conditions were found which yielded the desired results, whereby, loading was performed at low pH, while wash and elution conditions were at higher pH, conditions that efficiently clear the protease, cathepsin, with an acceptable load of 0.8 mg rhASB/ml resin. Removal of the protease activity (e.g. cathepsin) is demonstrated in the chromatograms of FIG. 8.

Comparison of rhASB purified from perfusion run, 102PD0055, using either the new process (without DEAE FT chromatography) or old Batch purification process (PS Eluate (OP) indicate that the old process material purified (using the batch method) from the same reactor run, lane PS Eluate (OP), has significant more proteolysis, as demonstrated by the additional bands on silver-stained gel and detectible by anti-ASB antibodies (see FIG. 9). The new process is much purer relative to the batch standard. The cathepsin protease is cleared by Blue chromatography. Anti-cathepsin cross-reactive material is seen in the Blue Strip fraction using the new process.

The pharmacokinetic results described below in Example 11 show that the purer rhASB preparation results in a longer half-life than the previous batch standard.

EXAMPLE 10 Surfactant Effects on Particle Formation

An experimental protocol was carried out to determine the effect of Polysorbate-80 on particle generation in vials of rhASB made with the new perfusion cell culture process. Visual and particle count assays were employed to determine the extent of particle generation. In addition, activity testing, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), immunoblotting and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were performed to confirm product quality in the presence of Polysorbate-80 and/or shaking relative to untreated controls. Vials and stoppers used for the rhASB batch process (Old, Wheaton 5 ml, 2905-B24B/ West S-127 (4401/45)) were also compared to the proposed vials and stoppers to be used for the perfusion-derived material (New, Wheaton 5 ml, 2905-B8BA/ West S-127 (4432/50)).

Vials were filled after rhASB had been passed through a 0.2 μm filter using a 10 ml disposable pipette. Two vials were filled for each rhASB-containing test. Both were used for the visual assay with one dedicated for particle counting and the other saved for the remainder of assays. Only one buffer control vial/test was filled. Few particles were introduced due to set-up, sample handling, filtration or filling. From visual and particle count analysis (results shown in Tables 25A-C and 26A-C below), on days 0, 1 and 14 days, no significant particulate formation was detected in unshaken vials of formulated drug relative to buffer-only controls.

After 18 hr of shaking at 4 degrees C., a large increase in particles was observed in both vial configurations with rhASB in formulation buffer alone (10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.8), without polysorbate. Fine flakes were clearly visible.

The particle counting was done using the HIAC/ROYCO Model 9703 Particle Counter. The liquid particle counter is capable of sizing and counting particles ranging from 2.0 μm to 150 μm. Three aliquots of not less than 5 mL each are put into the light obscuration sensor. The average particle counts from runs 2 and 3 are reported as particle counts per mL. Based on HIAC-Royko quantification of particles 10 μm in size, 2069 and 1190 particles/mL were counted in old and new vials configurations, respectively. In the presence of 0.001% Polysorbate-80, a markedly lower count was found with 21 and 49 particles/ml. At 0.005% Polysorbate-80, essentially no difference between shaken and unshaken vials could be detected.

In old vials/seals without Polysorbate-80, there was an unexpected drop in particle counts/ml from 2069 to 268 from days 1 to 14 days after shaking. The visual assay indicated larger flakes in the same 14 day vials in which lower counts were found; it is possible that the larger particles interfered with the HIAC-Royko assay, or that the old vial configuration contributes to increased particle formation with eventual coalescence and aggregation into larger, albeit fewer, particles.

Additional testing was done to confirm the integrity of the protein after shaking. Specific activity was unchanged. Size Exclusion Chromatography, a method that can detect changes in protein aggregation, which might be influenced by mechanical agitation, showed no increase in larger molecular weight species. In order to detect breakdown products, SDS-PAGE gels of rhASB were either silver stained or transferred onto nitrocellulose and blotted with Anti-rhASB antibody. No additional bands were detected in any of the samples. TABLE 25A Visual Assay. Day 0 102PD0089-01 Buffer Vial [Polysorbate-80] % No Shake No Shake Old 0 (−) (−) (−) Old 0.005 (−) (−) (−) Old 0.001 (−) (−) (−) New 0 (−) (−) (−) New 0.005 (−) (−) (−) New 0.001 (−) (−) (−)

TABLE 25B Visual Assay. Day 1 102PD0089-08 Buffer No No Vial [Polysorbate-80] % Shake Shake Shake Shake Old 0 (++) (++) (−) (−) (−) (−) Old 0.005 (−) (−) (−) (−) (−) (−) Old 0.001 (+/−) (−) (−) (−) (−) (−) New 0 (++) (++) (+/−) (−) (−) (−) New 0.005 (−) (−) (−) (−) (−) (−) New 0.001 (+/−) (−) (+/−) (−) (−) (−)

TABLE 25C Visual Assay. Day 14 102PD0089-01 Buffer No No Vial [Polysorbate-80] % Shake Shake Shake Shake Old 0 (+++) (+++) (−) (−) (−) (−) Old 0.005 (−) (−) (−) (−) (−) (−) Old 0.001 (+/−) (+) (−) (−) (−) (−) New 0 (++) (++) (+/−) (−) (−) (−) New 0.005 (−) (−) (−) (−) (−) (−) New 0.001 (+/−) (−) (+/−) (−) (−) (−)

Visual Assay: No visible precipitation − Borderline, uncertain about observation −/+ Small amount of fine precipitate + Significant precipitation, cloudy ++ Very cloudy, large flakes of precipitate +++

TABLE 26A Particulate Analysis, HIAC-Royko (Particles/mL). Day 0 102PD0089-01 Buffer No Shake No Shake Vial [Polysorbate-80] % 10 μm 25 μm 10 μm 25 μm Old 0 4.5 0.5 2.5 0.0 Old 0.005 2.0 0.5 1.5 0.0 Old 0.001 4.5 1.5 2.5 1.0 New 0 6.5 2.5 6.0 4.0 New 0.005 1.5 0.5 3.0 1.0 New 0.001 19.5 5.0 2.0 0.0

TABLE 26B Particulate Analysis, HIAC-Royko (Particles/mL). Day 1 102PD0089-01 Buffer Shake No Shake Shake No Shake Vial [Polysorbate-80] % 10 μm 25 μm 10 μm 25 μm 10 μm 25 μm 10 μm 25 μm Old 0 2069.0 74.5 3.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.5 2.0 Old 0.005 3.5 0.0 2.0 0.5 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 Old 0.001 21.5 2.5 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 New 0 1190.0 34.5 5.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 2.5 3.5 New 0.005 19.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 17.0 0.0 New 0.001 49.0 0.5 9.0 2.5 9.5 0.5 6.0 1.0

TABLE 26C Particulate Analysis, HIAC-Royko (Particles/mL). Day 14 102PD0089-01 Buffer Shake No Shake Shake No Shake Vial [Polysorbate-80] % 10 μm 25 μm 10 μm 25 μm 10 μm 25 μm 10 μm 25 μm Old 0 268.0 18.0 0.5 0.0 4.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 Old 0.005 2.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 0.5 6.0 3.0 Old 0.001 72.0 6.5 7.0 3.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 New 0 1335.0 29.0 2.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.5 New 0.005 7.0 0.5 16.0 0.0 13.5 0.0 13.0 2.0 New 0.001 38.0 1.5 5.5 0.5 16.0 0.5 8.0 0.0

The results indicated that the manual fill procedure generates very few particles regardless of formulation. After constant and vigorous shaking at 180 rpm, particles were clearly visible in vials containing rhASB formulated without Polysorbate-80.

The presence of Polysorbate-80 was highly effective in inhibiting mechanically-induced particle formation. Protection was dramatic, with particle counts kept down to essentially background levels in shaken vials at 0.001% and 0.005% Polysorbate-80. The 0.005% Polysorbate-80 concentration shows slight improvement in reducing particle counts over the 0.001% Polysorbate-80 concentration.

Shaking or formulation was not observed to cause any product instability as evaluated by activity, protein concentration, purity or percent aggregation.

EXAMPLE 11 Clinical Study in Humans

A Phase 1/2, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial of recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB) in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI), Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome, was conducted using drug product produced according to the batch process described herein. The rhASB was formulated at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, pH 5.8, 9 mM monobasic sodium phosphate.1 H₂0, 1 mM dibasic sodium phosphate.7 H₂0, 150 mM sodium chloride. When administered to patients, the rhASB was prepared by diluting the appropriate amount of drug solution in an intravenous (IV) bag with normal saline at room temperature. All patients were premedicated with an antihistamine prior to infusion to reduce the potential for infusion-associated reactions.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of two doses of rhASB as. ERT in patients with MPS VI. Patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion to one of two dose groups, 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg. Drug was given once per week as a four-hour IV infusion. Measures of safety included complete chemistry panel, urinalysis, complete blood count (CBC) with differential, and tracking of AEs. Immune response and infusion-associated reactions, complement activation and antibody formation are assessed for all patients. Efficacy parameters included exercise tolerance/endurance (6-minute walk test), respiratory capacity (pulmonary function tests), joint range of motion (JROM), functional status (Childhood Health Assessment Questionaire [CHAQ]), levels of urinary GAGs, and changes in hepatomegaly, visual acuity, cardiac function, and sleep apnea.

Pharmacokinetic evaluations were conducted during infusions at Weeks 1, 2, 12, 24 and periodically thereafter to measure antigen (enzyme) levels during and after infusion. Pharmacokinetic evaluations were also conducted at Weeks 83, 84 and 96 of the open-label extension of the study, when patients were switched commencing at Week 84 to the new perfusion-process purified rhASB in a formulation with 0.005% polysorbate80.

A total of seven patients was enrolled, and included patients with a range of characteristics consistent with rapidly advancing or moderately advancing disease. One patient dropped out of the study at Week 3 for personal reasons and was replaced. A pre-specified interim analysis was conducted following the completion of 24 weeks of treatment for the remaining six patients. Data from the Week 24 interim analysis showed that rhASB was well tolerated and the 1.0 mg/kg dose appeared to produce greater clinical benefit and to have a safety profile comparable to that of the 0.2 mg/kg dose.

Patients in the low-dose group were offered continued treatment at the 1.0 mg/kg dose level. Two patients initiated therapy at the higher dose level at intervals after Week 48 (Weeks 59 and 69). Patients treated through Week 96 have received the majority of planned rhASB infusions. No patient has missed more than two infusions total during this period.

Safety assessments performed during the initial 24, then 48 weeks of treatment showed that weekly treatment with rhASB at 0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg was well tolerated without significant differences between the two dose groups. Longer term treatment (through Week 96) at 1.0 mg/kg weekly also was well tolerated.

Anti-rhASB Antibody Development and Complement Levels

All six patients on study drug at Week 30 had developed antibody to rhASB. Levels for four of the six patients remained relatively low and declined from peak levels by Week 60. Of the two patients that developed higher levels of antibody than the other four patients, one patient's antibody levels declined from the peak level at Week 24, and the other patient's levels fell rapidly from the peak level at Week 60. No consistent changes in CH50, C3, or C4 complement levels have been observed during 96 weeks of treatment. Several patients have had modest intermittent declines in CH50 levels; however, no evidence of complement consumption or correlation between these low levels and infusion-associated symptoms were noted. FIG. 10 shows antibody levels over 96 weeks of treatment.

Urinary Glycosaminoglycans

The level of urinary GAGs is a biochemical marker of the degree of lysosomal storage in MPS-affected individuals. By Week 24, urinary GAGs were reduced by an average of 70% in the high-dose group versus 55% in the low-dose group. The percentage of DS, the primary storage product of MPS VI, was similarly decreased by 44% and 18%, respectively. Examination of the time course of the change in urinary excretion of GAGs as a function of weeks on treatment showed a more pronounced drop in total urinary GAGs by Week 6 in the high-dose group. These data confirm that the higher dose produced a larger change in both urinary GAGs and DS. Urinary GAGs have continued to decline through Week 96 for the patients in both treatment groups who remained in the study. FIG. 11 shows the reduction in total urinary GAG levels over the 96 weeks and FIG. 12 shows a comparison of levels at week 96 to age-appropriate normal levels. Note that the two patients in the 0.2 mg/kg dose group who remained in the study, Patients 41 and 45, rolled over to the 1.0 mg/kg dose on Weeks 69 and 59, respectively. At Week 96, these two patients had reductions in GAGs from screening of 85% and 63%. These were similar to reductions seen in the patients on 1.0 mg/kg through the entire 96 weeks. Patients 42, 43, and 44 had reductions of 64%, 77%, and 86% from screening, respectively. In both groups, the patients who had higher baseline GAG levels had higher percent reductions than patients with GAG levels that were closer to the normal range (<5 times upper limit of normal, i.e., mean plus 2 SD).

Endurance

The 6-minute walk test served as the primary clinical measure of endurance. The two patients unable to walk >100 m at baseline, who were randomized to receive 1.0 mg/kg of study drug (#43 and #44), had large improvements in the total distance walked by Week 24. All patients except #44, who developed-C1-C2 cord compression, showed improvement in their distance walked by Weeks 48 and 96. FIG. 13 shows the improvement in results of the 6-minute walk test over 96 weeks of treatment.

Additional Measures of Efficacy

Modest improvements in a number of other efficacy parameters were seen during the 96 weeks of study drug treatment. Shoulder ROM, particularly for flexion, improved in five of the six study patients at the Week 24 assessment. Three of the four patients (#41, 43 and 45) with assessments at Week 96 continued to show increases in shoulder flexion. Slight improvements were also seen in the measures of respiratory function, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume for one second (FEV 1), in three of four patients, at Week 96. Visual acuity, measurable in four out of six patients enrolled, improved by one or more lines in three of these four patients, although one patient had changes in his prescription lenses during this period. Hepatomegaly measured by CT scan, although not a prominent feature of this disease, also declined modestly, particularly in those patients with larger livers at baseline.

Little change was seen in the remaining efficacy parameters, including cardiac function by ECG, grip and pinch strength, CHAQ questionnaire, height and weight, bone mineral density, and sleep studies. No significant deterioration was observed in any of these parameters over the 96 weeks.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetic evaluations were conducted during Weeks 1, 2, 12 and 24 of the double-blind study and during Weeks 83, 84 and 96 of the open-label extension. Beginning with Week 84, patients began to receive rhASB manufactured by the perfusion process described in Example 9.

Blood samples were collected during the infusion at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 180 minutes, at the end of infusion at 240 minutes, and post-infusion at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minutes. Pharmacokinetic parameters for rhASB were calculated using non-compartmental methods. Areas under the plasma concentration-time curve to infinity and first moment were calculated using the linear trapezoidal method to the last time point with a concentration above the qualified limit of quantitation.

For patients administered 0.2 mg/kg/week, the mean values for AUC₀₋₁ were relatively consistent from Week 1 through Week 24 (10,009±5,107 at Week 1, 11,232±3,914 at Week 2, 13,812±9,230 at Week 12, and 13,812±9,230 at Week 24). For the 1.0 mg/kg/week cohort, the mean values for AUC were 94,476±13,785 at Week 1, 180,909±46,377 at Week 2, 157,890±45,386 at Week 12 and 251,907±201,747 at Week 24. For this 1.0 mg/kg/week group the increase in values for AUC₀₋₄ and AUC_(∞) and large standard deviation was due to a single patient whose AUCs were about 2-fold higher than the other two patients in the group.

Comparison of the mean values for AUC₀₋₁ between the 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg/week cohorts showed an increase far in excess of the 5-fold increase in dose, indicating that the pharmacokinetics of rhASB are not linear over this dose range.

Pharmacokinetic parameters at Weeks 83, 84 and 96 are shown in Table 27 below. TABLE 27 Parameter Week 83 Week 84 Week 96 Cmax (ng/mL) 1,143 ± 284    1,367 ± 262    1,341 ± 523    Tmax (min) 180 120 121 AUC_(0-t) (min · ng/mL) 172,423 ± 49,495  213,713 ± 45,794  200,116 ± 76,506  AUC_(∞) (min · ng/mL) 173,570 ± 49,969  215,383 ± 47,018  201,157 ± 77,248  CL (mL/min/kg) 6.23 ± 2.10 4.81 ± 0.99 5.54 ± 2.09 Vz (mL/kg) 67.6 ± 22.0  122 ± 60.2  123 ± 17.4 Vss (mL/kg)  266 ± 52.3  236 ± 21.1  233 ± 27.6 t½ (min), half-life 8.49 ± 4.68 19.0 ± 13.2 17.3 ± 8.26 MRT (min) 44.4 ± 7.61 50.9 ± 12.9 46.1 ± 16.1 Arithmetic mean and standard deviation are reported except for Tmax which is the median. Individual patient values were reported if n < 3.

Parameters for Week 83 were comparable to those obtained from Weeks 2 through 24 (excluding one patient with high AUCs), indicating consistency in rhASB pharmacokinetics after weekly exposure for approximately 18 months. From Week 83 to Week 84, mean AUC values trended upward by approximately 25% while total body clearance trended downward by approximately 25%. From Week 83 to Week 84, the half-life increased from about 8.5 minutes to 17-19 minutes. Parameters from Week 96 were comparable to those from Week 84. Although this pharmacokinetic data was from a small number of patients and there was substantial overlap of individual values, these results indicated that the high purity rh ASB preparation obtained from the modified process described in Example 9 had a longer half-life than the original rhASB preparation.

EXAMPLE 12 Further Clinical Study in Humans

A Phase 2 open-label clinical trial of recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB) in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI), Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome, was conducted using drug product produced according to the new perfusion process described in Example 9. The rhASB was formulated at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, pH 5.8, 9mM sodium phosphate, monobasic, .1 H₂0, 1 mM sodium phosphate, dibasic, .7 H20, 150 mM sodium chloride, 0.005% polysorbate 80.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 1.0 mg/kg rhASB given as a weekly IV infusion. The inclusion criteria were modified for this study to include a relatively uniform set of patients with impaired endurance. Patients had to be able to walk at least 1 m but no more than 250 m in the first six minutes of a 12-minute walk test at baseline. The other inclusion and exclusion criteria were similar to those of the Phase 1/2 Study in that patients had to be at least five years old and have a documented biochemical or genetic diagnosis. In addition to the walk test, a number of endpoints not previously studied in MPS patients were included in this study.

Measures of safety included clinical laboratory evaluations, urinalysis, CBC with differential, ECG and tracking of AEs. Infusion-associated reactions as well as complement consumption and antibody formation are being assessed for all patients. Efficacy parameters included measures of endurance and mobility, including a 12-minute walk test, the Expanded Timed Get Up and Go test, the 3-minute stair climb test and physical activity. Subjective effects, such as joint pain and joint stiffness, were assessed with a questionnaire, and other measures in the Denver Developmental scale such as time to tie shoes, touch top of head, pull over sweater, and pick up coins and put them in a cup were also assessed. Additional efficacy measures included measures of visual acuity, bone density studies, assessment of grip and pinch strength, shoulder ROM, functional status, pulmonary function, urinary GAG excretion, visual exams, cardiac function, and oxygen saturation during sleep. Pharmacokinetic evaluations were conducted during infusions at Weeks 1, 2, 12 and 24 to measure antigen (enzyme) levels during and after infusion. Ten patients were enrolled—five in the U.S. and five in Australia. All patients completed Week 24 of treatment. There were no deaths or discontinuations. All patients received all 24 study drug infusions; therefore, all patients were included in the safety and efficacy analyses.

As in the Phase 1/2 study, there was wide heterogeneity of disease severity among the MPS VI patients enrolled in the Phase 2 Study. Several patients also had neurological features of the disease, including communicating hydrocephalus, cervical spine instability, and spinal disc disease.

Clinical Laboratory Assessments

No clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were observed in these patients over the 24-week period.

Anti-rhASB Antibodies and Complement Studies

Eight of the 10 patients developed antibody to rhASB by Week 24. Of the three patients that developed higher levels of antibody than the other patients, two patients' antibody levels continued to rise after Week 24 but appeared to have stabilized by Week 48. These two patients were either the “null” genotype or had a mutation in the presumed major antigenic site for ASB. The reduction in urinary GAGs was less for these two patients compared to the others. FIG. 14 shows antibody levels over 48 weeks of treatment.

At Week 24, one patient had decreased C4 and CH50 values, both pre- and post-Week 12 infusion, which were considered to be clinically significant by the investigator. C4 and CH50 were slightly below the lower limit of normal prior to infusion and showed a greater decrease following the infusion. Although these results suggested the possibility of complement consumption, no clinical signs or symptoms consistent with such consumption were observed. Clinically significant abnormalities in complement levels were not observed in any of the other patients in the study.

Urinary Glycosaminoglycans

The mean reduction in urinary GAG levels was rapid, reaching a nadir at Week 6, and remaining relatively constant from Week 6 through Week 24. By Week 24, urinary GAGs were reduced by an average of 71%, and by. Week 48 urinary GAGs were reduced by an average of 76%. All ten patients showed a decrease in urinary GAG levels that approached the normal range after 24 weeks of treatment. These data are consistent with the results seen for the seven patients in the Phase 1/2 study. FIG. 15 shows the reduction in total urinary GAG levels over the 48 weeks and FIG. 16 shows a comparison of levels at week 48 to age-appropriate normal levels.

Measures of Endurance

Distance walked was assessed in a 12-minute walk test for all patients at baseline and every six weeks thereafter. Distance was recorded as the mean of two separate measures at each evaluation and was determined at both 6 minutes and 12 minutes.

At baseline, the mean distances walked at 6 and 12 minutes were 152.4 (±75.0) and 264.0 (±161.7) meters, respectively. At Week 24 the mean distance walked at 6 minutes had improved by 57.3 (±59.0) meters (62% per patient), while the mean distance walked at 12 minutes had improved by an average of 155 meters (98% per patient). All patients improved their distance walked at 12 minutes, and all but one patient improved in the first 6 minutes of the walk. At Week 48, the average improvement in the 12-minute walk test was 212 meters (138% per patient). FIG. 17 shows the improvement in the 12-minute walk test results over the 48 weeks.

The 3-minute stair climb was the second measure of endurance tested. At baseline, patients could climb a mean of 50.3 (±29.5) stairs. By 24 weeks, the mean number of stairs climbed had increased to 98.1 (±62.5) stairs, an improvement of 48 stairs or 110% per patient (±116%). By 48 weeks, the average number of stairs climbed had increased by 61 stairs to a total of 111 stairs, an improvement of 147% per patient. FIG. 18 shows the improvement in the 3-minute stair climb results over the 48 weeks. Patients varied greatly in terms of the number of stairs climbed, and performance at baseline did not necessarily correlate with the degree of improvement at Week 24.

Additional Efficacy Measures

A number of additional efficacy parameters were evaluated during the first 24 weeks of this study. The Expanded Timed Get Up and Go Test was used as a measure of general functional ability. Overall, there was no significant reduction in total time needed for this test between baseline and Week 24, but there was a modest improvement by Week 48. FIG. 19 shows results of the Expanded Timed Get Up and Go Test over 48 weeks of treatment.

Forced Expiratory Time (FET), FVC and FEV1 were performed to assess pulmonary function. Table 28 below displays pulmonary function values at baseline, Week 24 and Week 48 and also shows improvement in height and organomegaly at Week 48. No significant changes in these parameters were seen over the 24-week period. At Week 48, 5/10 patients improved in FVC and FEVY, of whom 3 of the 5 showed improvement despite less than 2% change in growth. At Week 48 there was also an average 43% improvement in Forced Expiratory Time (>1 second). TABLE 28 Pulmonary Function versus Growth & Organomegaly Relative Relative Baseline Baseline Wk Wk Change in % Δ % Δ % Δ % Δ Height FVC 24 48 Height [cm] Liver Liver Spleen Spleen Patient Age (cm) (liters) FVC FVC¹ (%) Wk 48² Wk 48 Wk 48³ Wk 48 200 18 96.2 0.47 0.44 0.48 −0.05 (<1) −6.3 −15.2* −5.88 −13.90 201 9 93.2 0.52 0.54 0.60   6.65 (7.1) −2.3 −14.4* −8.82 −20.17 202 17 120 0.75 ND 0.92   0.55 (<1) −6.7  −5.3 −27.81 −26.69 203 15 107 0.28 0.27 0.38    1.9 (1.8) −8.6 −12.5 −16.45 −20.22 204 7 87 0.52 0.60 0.50    3.8 (4.4) −1.3  −4.5 −6.74 −9.71 300 22 102.4 0.37 0.39 0.37    2.5 (2.4) −15.5 −20* −16.58 −21.09 301 9 121.1 1.40 1.46 1.55    4.9 (4.0) +26.3  +3 19.67 −2.56 302 6 99.7 0.81 0.85 0.83    4.8 (4.8) +5.7 −13 −1.92 −19.99 303 8 84.6 0.16 0.27 0.31    1.1 (1.3) −5.8 −13+ −45.33 −49.38 304 16 124.7 0.83 0.74 0.83    1.3 (1.0) −2.8 −15* 6.93 −6.03 ¹Bolded values indicate FVC values that represent clinically meaningful increases ²mean liver size at baseline 681.6 ± 118 cc ³mean spleen size at baseline 146.8 ± 40 cc *Liver volumes above 95% limit age-adjusted to body weight at baseline, and within normal limits at week 48 +Liver volumes above 95% limit age-adjusted to body weight at baseline and week 48

TABLE 29 Shoulder Range of Motion Change @ Week 24 (degrees of Change @ Shoulder Motion Baseline function) Week 48 All patients (n = 10) Active Flexion 102 6 3 Passive Flexion 116 4 (1) Active Extension 52 5 5 Passive Extension 63 9 (6) Active Lateral Rotation 59 7 6 Passive Lateral Rotation 69 9 (6) Patients with baseline flexion <90° (n = 3) Active Flexion 85 9 5 Active Extension 50 6 4 Active Lateral Rotation 52 7 7

Shoulder ROM (flexion, extension, rotation) was assessed both actively and passively. Overall for the group, a modest percent increase was seen in both active and passive ROM; however, some patients showed a decrease in some measures at 24 weeks. At 48 weeks, there was great variability in results due to several outliers; however, there continued to be improvement seen in shoulder ROM particularly in patients that had less than 90 degrees of flexion at baseline. Table 29 above displays the degrees of shoulder range of motion at baseline, Week 24 and Week 48.

Pain and stiffness were assessed using a questionnaire. While two patients had no change in pain score, seven patients showed improvement in pain by Week 24 (one patient had no baseline evaluation). All of the nine patients evaluated showed improvement in stiffness at Week 24. Pain and stiffness evaluated using the questionnaire continued to improve by Week 48. Results of the joint pain questionnaire and joint stiffness questionnaire over 48 weeks of treatment are shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, respectively.

Significant improvements in grip strength were seen across the entire group of patients. Seven patients had improvements in grip strength for one or both hands. Little change was seen in the pinch test over the 24-week period. There was little significant change seen in the other quality of life assessments, except that at Week 48, there was a modest improvement in Dexterity and Sensation (as measured by the coin pick-up test).

Activity levels were measured using the belt-attached ActiTrac® device. No significant changes in activity level were observed.

No significant changes were observed in cardiac function assessments (ECGs) or in standing height and supine length. Sleep studies performed in a subset of patients showed no clinically significant changes.

Although the invention has been described with reference to the presently preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims. 

1-23. (canceled)
 24. A method for producing a recombinant precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase enzyme comprising the steps of: (a) growing a cell transfected with a DNA encoding all or a biologically active fragment or mutant of a human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase enzyme, (b) introducing the transfected cells into a bioreactor, (c) supplying a growth medium to the bioreactor, (d) harvesting said medium containing said enzyme; and (e) substantially removing the transfected cells from the said harvest medium.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein said cell is a mammalian cell.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein said mammalian cell is a Chinese Hamster Ovary cell.
 27. The method of claim 24 wherein the transfected cells are grown on a growth medium comprising a JRH Excell 302 medium supplemented with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of L-glutamine, glucose, hypoxanthine/thymidine, serine, asparagine and folic acid.
 28. The method of claim 24 wherein said growth medium does not contain G418:
 29. The method of claim 24 wherein the transfected cells are grown in a bioreactor for up to about 45 days.
 30. The method of claim 24 wherein the transfected cells are grown in a bioreactor for up to about 90 days.
 31. The method of claim 24 wherein the transfected cells are substantially separated from the media containing the enzyme through successive membranes.
 32. The method of claim 31 wherein the successive membranes are 4.0-0.75 μm nomimal, 0.45 μm and 0.2 μm. 33-61. (canceled)
 62. A method to purify a N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase or biologically active fragment, analog or mutant thereof comprising: (a) obtaining a fluid containing said N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase or biologically active fragment, analog or mutant thereof; (b) reducing the proteolytic activity of any protease in said fluid able to cleave said N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase or biologically active fragment, analog or mutant thereof, wherein said reducing does not harm said N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase or biologically active fragment, analog or mutant thereof; (c) contacting the fluid with a Cibracon blue dye interaction chromatography resin; (d) contacting the fluid with a copper chelation chromatography resin; (e) contacting the fluid with a phenyl hydrophobic interaction chromatography resin; (f) recovering said N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase or biologically active fragment, analog or mutant thereof; wherein steps (c), (d) and (e) can be performed in any temporal sequence.
 63. A pharmaceutical composition comprising precursor N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase and a polyoxyethylenesorbitan at a concentration ranging from about 0.002% to about 0.008% (weight/volume).
 64. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 63 wherein said polyoxyethylene sorbitan is polyoxyethylene sorbitan 80 at a concentration of 0.005% (weight/volume).
 65. A method for treating a disease caused all or in part by a deficiency in N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase activity comprising the step of administering to a human subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a composition comprising recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB).
 66. The method of claim 65 wherein the amount of rhASB is effective to provide one or more beneficial effects selected from the group consisting of joint mobility, joint pain, joint stiffness, exercise tolerance, exercise endurance, pulmonary function, visual acuity, and activities of daily living.
 67. A method for treating mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) comprising the step of administering to a human subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a composition comprising recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB).
 68. The method of claim 67 wherein the amount of rhASB is effective to provide one or more beneficial effects selected from the group consisting of joint mobility, joint pain, joint stiffness, exercise tolerance, exercise endurance, pulmonary function, visual acuity, and activities of daily living. 69.-74. (canceled) 